Main Reasons Of Homelessness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 486 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homelessness Essay Did you like this example? There are many reasons individuals and families find themselves without a home. The family or individual may have experienced the loss of a job, an accident, an expensive health diagnosis, or many other unfortunate life events could have caused the loss of a home and stability. This has been a long-standing public issue that needs adjustments in funding and resources. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, shelter and security are considered basic needs, second only to food, water, and warmth. If a person is to evolve and grow to be a productive member of society, he or she needs food, water, rest, and security. Without the comfort of knowing there will be food on the table for every meal and a place to rest at night, people are unable to fully function to their best ability. This has a major impact on who these people are able to be in society. Without basic needs met, people are unable to act as volunteers for other causes, to take care of their children, to look presentable for a job, and the list continues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Main Reasons Of Homelessness" essay for you Create order Some people are able to pull themselves and their families out of homelessness. This could be achieved through hard work and effort, by luck, or a combination of hard work and luck. When people are absolutely unable to help themselves because of financial, health, or other reasons, that is when the community should be able to offer a helping hand. Humans are naturally social creatures. Contrary to popular current beliefs, we will all need assistance from others in our lives at some point. Some people may only need a friend to listen to their issues, some may need assistance in finding a new job when they have been laid off, and others yet may need financial help because of a crisis. Regardless of what needs a person will have throughout there life, it is important that there are available resources to be utilized in times of crisis. Not only is falling into homelessness stressful and a strike to one’s ego, it is also incredibly expensive to work out of it. In order to rent or buy a living space, a down payment or security deposit is often required. This amount of savings is usually unattainable for those struggling with homelessness. The money that is earned is used for food and temporary housing, making it incredibly difficult to build a savings account. This is assuming nobody involved is suffering from a substance abuse disorder. It is often thought that homeless people are all suffering from a drug addiction or alcohol addiction. This is an unfair and critical view that shrouds the actual cause of homelessness. Substance and alcohol abuse can be the cause of homelessness but often happens after homelessness occurs. Regardless of how and when drug and alcohol dependence occurs, it should always be viewed as a mental illness and treated as such.

The Rights Of Assisted Suicide - 1829 Words

The â€Å"right-to-die† has been controversial for a long time and is continuously in debate. Some of the arguments in favor of laws allowing individuals to choose include - Anyone coming into hospital in an emergency has the option of a DNR (do not resuscitate). People who go into comas may leave living wills instructing doctors not to use any extreme life-saving measures (this includes feeding tubes). Perhaps dying with dignity is controversial b/c it seems like a more conscious choice. People can predetermine that they don’t want to live life as vegetables†¦but the general public has a hard time reconciling people who are still walking and talking making decisions to die. Why? Because they look healthy? Because they ‘appear’ to have life left in them? That is exactly what is being contested. In 1997, Compassion in Dying, along with other individuals, protested Washington State’s ban on assisted suicide as referenced in the 1979 Natural Death Act. That act states – â€Å"lifesaving measures must be administered† and by withholding, or withdrawal of life sustaining treatment at a patient s direction shall not, for any purpose, constitute a suicide† (Wash. Rev. Code  §70.122.070(1). The District Court initially ruled in favor of those opposed to the ban, but that decision was reversed on appeal. This case was then argued to the Supreme Court. Ultimately, the question was whether, or not, the rights of a competent individual to commit suicide with another person’s assistance, isShow MoreRelatedThe Rights Of Assisted Suicide966 Words   |  4 PagesDying Your Way: The Right to Choose Assisted Suicide Introduction Death has a finality to it that gives even the most cynical person a reason to pause. The possibility of death is always present, the elephant in the room. Prior to the twentieth century, before the leaps and bounds of modern medical care, people worried about the possibility of dying more often. Childhood diseases could strike and take a beloved child away at any moment, affecting two or more homes in the same community. Today childrenRead MoreThe Right Of Assisted Suicide Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe right to assisted suicide is a huge topic that worries humans all around the usa. The debates go from side to side approximately whether or not a death patient has the proper to die with the assistance of a physician. some are in opposition to it due to religious and ethical motives. Others are for it because of their compassion and respect for the dying. Physicians are also divided on the issue. They differ where they area the line that separates alleviation from death--and k illing. for manyRead MoreThe Rights Of Assisted Suicide Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe Right To Die With Dignity Assisted suicide is the act of committing suicide with the help of another person or doctor, most commonly referred to as Physician Assisted Suicide. It is currently legal in Oregon, Washington, Vermont, Montana, California, and Colorado. Considering the increase of people dying from terminal illnesses, assisted suicide should be legalized across the nation. People that suffer from a terminal illness that can’t be cured or treated and will result in death have the rightRead MoreThe Right to Assisted Suicide1548 Words   |  6 Pagescontemplate your options for living out the rest of your life. You wonder if you will be able to cope with losing yourself, your independence, your identity, your dignity. But what choice do you have? Euthanasia, also referred to as assisted suicide or physician assisted suicide or more commonly known as mercy killing is defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as the act or practice of killing hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasonsRead MoreAssisted Suicide : Rights And Responsibilities1570 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide: Rights and Responsibilities A woman suffering from cancer became the first person known to die under the law on physician-assisted suicide in the state of Oregon when she took a lethal dose of drugs in March, 1998. The Oregon Death with Dignity Act passed a referendum in November, 1997, and it has been the United States only law legalizing assisted suicide since then. According to the New England Journal of Medicine, more than 4,000 doctors have approved of the assisted suicideRead MoreThe Rights Of Physician Assisted Suicide1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right to Die By: Antony Makhlouf Antony Makhlouf PHR 102-006 Contemporary Moral Issues Final Paper The Right to Die Physician-assisted suicide, also known as euthanasia, has been a hot topic as of late. If you do not know what this is, physician-assisted suicide is the taking of ones life. This usually occurs when a patient is in a irreversible state, and must live through a tube. With multiple cases occurring in the past, current and the more to occur the in the future, this looksRead MoreThe Right to Assisted Suicide Essay937 Words   |  4 Pagesrespect your elder’s wishes? It is a cruel reality we live in when ability to choose the time of our demise, especially for terminal patients, is not seen as a personal right to be acted upon, but to be shunned as a taboo. This is why assisted-suicide, the contraction of a third-party to provide the materials necessary to commit suicide, should be legalized; it would allow both terminal and permanently disabled patients an escape from the mental, emotional, physical pain of useless treatments, andRead MoreAssisted Suicide : Right Or Wrong?880 Words   |  4 PagesHillard 01/14/15 Nursing Roles I Professor Rodgers Assisted Suicide: Right or Wrong? The article I selected is called Assisted Suicide: Right or Wrong? By: Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez. This article talked about a researcher named Matthew Donnely. For over 30 years Matthew conducted research on x-rays. Matthew was diagnosed with a terminal skin cancer. During his battle with cancer he had lost his nose, his left hand, two fingers on his right hand and part of his jaw (Andre Velasquez). Matthew’sRead MoreThe Right to Die in Assisted Suicide2517 Words   |  11 PagesInitial Thoughts on Physician Assisted Suicide (February 28th, 2013) The promotion of physician assisted suicide has sparked a debate throughout the world. From my point of view, assisted suicide is doctors assist patients who could not endure the pain of diseases and are voluntarily given lethal amount of substances resulting in death. However, physician assisted suicide might be considered to be deviant in many countries currently due to the religions, laws and the negative image. AlsoRead MoreEssay The Right to Assisted Suicide2100 Words   |  9 PagesThe Right to Assisted Suicide    Recently, a terminally ill British woman lost a high-profile court battle to take her own life in a test case of whether Britain will permit assisted suicide.   Wheelchair-bound Diane Pretty, a 43-year-old mother of two, has waged a lengthy legal fight to allow her husband to kill her without being prosecuted. Pretty, who contracted motor neuron disease two years ago, which is a muscle-wasting disease, lost her bid to have an assisted suicide.   She has had

Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure Free Essays

string(370) " next door to it, and saying holy things in disreputable quarters – repeating in idle bravado words which ought never to be uttered but reverently! Oh, do anything with me, Sue – kill me – I don’t care! Only don’t hate me and despise me like all the rest of the world! ‘† Jude is comforted only by the idea of becoming a clergyman\." The novel Jude the Obscure, by Thomas Hardy, was first published unabridged in 1896. It narrates the doomed existence of the protagonist, Jude, from the moment he is still a boy at Marygreen and is inspired by a rural schoolmaster to think of a university education, to the moment in which he dies, alone and unattended. It tells the story of a man whose dreams and ambitions are gradually destroyed, and end up being shattered. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jude lives an enternal cyclical movement, in which he never gets any closer to whaever he is looking for, due to forces which seem to be operating against him all the time.In this essay, I will conduct an analysis of these social forces, in order to show that Hardy did create a realistic depiction of ninteenth century British society. According to Brooks [1], a realistic depiction is similar to the vision we have if go up a high tower and remove the housetops of the houses, to show what is really happening in the rooms exposed. It is a duty of the realistic writer, to dismantle appearances and not to reproduce the facade, and â€Å"to give us not only the world viewed, as well as the world comprehended . Hardy shows us that Jude is making choices at a certain level, referring to his personal life, but there are social and economic forces which operate on him so he does not take decisions, once these circumstances limit his choices. Early on in the novel, we see Jude struggling against the circumstances. The village of Marygreen is set in opposition to the university town of Christminster. The young Jude sees Christminster as an enlightened place of learning, relating it to his dreams of higher education and his vague notions of academic success.Yet while Jude lives quite close to Christminster and knows a man who is going to live there, the city is always only a distant vision in his mind. It is nearly within his reach but at the same time unattainable. This physical distance is a metaphor for the abstract distance between the impoverished Jude and the privileged Christminster students. For the first time in the novel we see Jude heading towards a destination, and being unable to reach it. At the start of the novel, Jude is portrayed as a determined and innocent young man who aspires to things greater than his background allows.He resists succumbing to the discouragement of those around him and does not fear the gap he is creating between himself and the other people of his village. He is seen as eccentric and perhaps impertinent, and his aspirations are dismissed as unrealistic. These circumstances might have led him to marry Arabella. All through his young adult life, he avoids going to Christminster. He appears to be afraid of the failure he might encounter there. In Arabella, he sees something attainable and instantly gratifying, as opposed to the university life, of which he fears he may never become a part.In this way Jude tries to avoid disappointment, but finds that he cannot live within the confines of an unhappy marriage. The freedom he receives after Arabella leaves is only partially liberating: It lets him be independent in a physical sense, but because he is still married, it forbids him to achieve legitimate romantic happiness with someone else. Jude is attracted to Christminster because of Sue, who he seeks with a strange devotion, despite his aunt’s warning that he should stay away from he.Taken together with her warning that marriages in their family never end well and with the fact that they are cousins, Jude’s haste to find and fall in love with Sue creates a sense of foreboding about his fate. He finds that the Christminster colleges are not welcom ing toward self-educated men, and when he accepts that he may not be able to study at the university after all, he starts drinking. â€Å" He began to see that the town life was a book of humanity infinitely more palpitating, varied, and compendious than the gown life.These struggling men and women before him were the reality of Christminster, though they knew little of Christ or Minster. That was one of the humours of things. The floating population of students and teachers, who did know both in a way, were not Christminster in a local sense at all. † The narrator tells us how big the distance between his aspirations and his relaity is, since Jude works so hard that he can no longer dedicate himself to his studies at night: â€Å"So fatigued was he sometimes after his day’s work that he could not aintain the critical attention necessary for thorough application. He felt that he wanted a coach – a friend at his elbow to tell him in a moment what sometimes would occupy him a weary month in extracting from unanticipative, clumsy books. † The episode in the pub, in which he recites Latin to a group of workmen and undergraduates, shows the contrast between Jude’s intellect and his appearance. Christminster will not accept him because he belongs to the working class, yet he is intelligent and well-read through independent study, he is advised to remain in his own sphere.The realization that his learning will help him only to perform in pubs sits heavily with Jude, as we can tell from his reaction at the pub: â€Å"`You pack of fools! ‘ he cried. `Which one of you knows whether I have said it or no? It might have been the Ratcatcher’s Daughter in double Dutch for all that your besotted heads can tell! See what I have brought myself to – the crew I have come among! ‘† He looks for consolation with Sue and shows her what he considers to be his worst side†: â€Å"†¦ `I am so wicked, Sue – my heart is nearly broken, and I could not bear my life as it was!So I have been drinking, and blaspheming, or next door to it, and saying holy things in disreputable quarters – repeating in idle bravado words which ought never to be uttered but reverently! Oh, do anything with me, Sue – kill me – I don’t care! Only don’t hate me and despise me like all the rest of the world! ‘† Jude is comforted only by the idea of becoming a clergyman. You read "Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure" in category "Papers" Once again, he does have the ability to make a decision, but he only chooses to become a clergyman because his choices were limited by the conventions and prejudices of society. The moral implications of the friendship and romance between Jude and Sue emerge as an important issue. Jude’s doomed existence is also shaped by other people’s indecision. Sue shows herself to be both radical in her intellectual views and conservative in her social practices. She leaves the Training College because she discovers that its rules are intolerably strict, and she cannot conform to the rules of her establishment in Melchester either. She comes to see Jude as a protector, and reveals to be quite an impulsive character, and not to care much about Jude’s intense feelings for her and the implications of her actions: Suddenly, however, quite a passionate letter arrived from Sue. She was quite lonely and miserable, she told him. She hated the place she was in; it was worse than the ecclesiastical designer’s; worse than anywhere. She felt utterly friendless; could he come immediately? – though when he did come she would only be able to see him at limited times, the rules of the establishment she found herself in being strict to a degree. It was Mr. Phillotson who had advised her to come there, and she wished she had never listened to him. † †¦ Phillotson’s suit was not exactly prospering, evidently; and Jude felt unreasonably glad. He packed up his things and went to Melchester with a lighter heart than he had known for months. † When they meet, the narrator describes her as unhappy and changed, but not anxious and desperate as she was when she wrote the letter, since Jude is the only one overcome by emotion: â€Å"Though she had been here such a short while, she was not as he had seen her last. All her bounding manner was gone; her curves of motion had become subdued lines. The screens and subtleties of convention had likewise disappeared.Yet neither was she quite the woman who had written the letter that summoned him. That had plainly been dashed off in an impulse which second thoughts had somewhat regretted; thoughts that were possibly of his recent self-disgrace. Jude was quite overcome with emotion. † â€Å"†¦ she had altogether the air of a woman clipped and pruned by severe discipline, an under-brightness shining through from the depths which that discipline had not yet been able to reach. † Sue makes it clear that she doesn’t see Jude as a lover, and is annoyed by the fact that he is love with her.She goes back and forth in her protests, sometimes wanting to enter into a romantic relationship with Jude and sometimes believing it to be misguided. When he confesses that he is married, she accuses him of dishonesty, but there is a hint of disappointment in her tone because his marriage only adds a further obstruction to their possible romance. She marries Phillotson in this state of anger and frustration, and Jude feels that he cannot and should not dissuade her. By doing so, Sue hopes to protect her reputation and achieve the traditional lifestyle of a married woman.After Jude spends the night with Arabella, Sue tries to push him away again, then invites him to her home soon after. Sue does not know what she wants, but is slowly realizing that she finds Phillotson repulsive. She does not admit to loving Jude, but still turns to him to be her protector. She recognizes her own intellect and her potential for a satisfying career in teaching, and marries Phillotson partly out of a desire for a pleasant work environment. She resists a romantic relationship with Jude, but falls in love with him despite her misgivings.However, when it comes time to marry, she does not wish to enter into a legal contract in which she would again be confined and their financial difficulties push them into a wandering life. The uncertainty surrounding their status foreshadows difficulties to come, as there is a sense of illegitimacy lingering in their relationship. Society dispproves of it, and the children and Sue’s pregnancy only add to that. The tragic conclusion of the novel arises as the inevitable result of the difficulties faced by the two cousins.When Father Time kills himself and the other children, Sue is the one who cannot handle it and start regarding their relationship as sinful and the death of the children as punishment. She thinks the child of a legitimate union had punished the ones of an illegitimate one, as the result of her transgressions against the institution of marriage. She marries Philoston again in an act of hopelessness, almost masochistic behaviour, once she feels repulse for him and knows she will never love him. This action may be seen as an attempt to conform, but it is also a selfish act. Sue could have left Jude and lived on er own, kept struggling against conventions as a divorced woman.She finds a solution which is, at the same time emotionally torturing and financially comortable for her, while Jude remains lonely and poor, having had both his academic and his romantic aspirations destr oyed. Jude then enters a state of self mutilation and acceptance of the suffering. He goes back to Arabella, who once again represents the last and worse of his options, and an act of desistance. After Jude gets sick she imediatelly starts looking for another possible husband, and slowly reveals, throughout the novel, to be quite an animalistic character.She personifies the danger of a bad marriage, and is heartless to the point of being unable to sacrifice a boat race to be with him while he is dying or even to take care of his body after he dies. The Jude we see in the last chapter is a handicapped vesion of the young, ambitious one from the beginning of the novel. He is depicted as a man who is exhausted after having spent his life fighting against a strong opponent, represented by nineteenth century British society. It ended up mutilating him and left him with nothing, longing for his death. The lack of conflicts’ resolution and the sense of vagueness in Arabella’s suggestion about Sue’s miserable future reveal the modernity of the novel. Accroding to Schweik, Hardy successfully images life as first impulsive passion and confidence leading to disappointments, collapse of hopes, and death. [2] With its open ending, Jude the Obscure turns out to be a novel in which the relationship between form and content becomes the form itself.Bibliography: Brooks, Peter. Realist Vision. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2005. Hardy, Thomas. Jude The Obscure. Penguin Popular Classics, England,1994. Schweik, Robert C. â€Å"The Modernity of Hardy in Jude the Obscure†. In: A Spacious Vision: Essays on Hardy. Newmill, The Patten Press, 1994, p. 49-64. Stern, J. P. â€Å"On Realismâ€Å". In: Concepts of Literature. Routledge ; Kegan Paul, 1973. Watt, Ian. â€Å" Realism and the Novelâ€Å". In: Essays in Criticism II, p. 376-396, 1952. ———————– [1] Brooks, Peter. Realist Vision. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2005. [2] Schweik, Robert C. â€Å"The Modernity of Hardy in Jude the Obscure†. In: A Spacious Vision: Essays on Hardy. Newmill, The Patten Press, 1994, p. 49-64. How to cite Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure, Papers

Dostoevsky Essay Example For Students

Dostoevsky Essay Thesis: Dostoevskys manic and depressive episodes aided in his ability toproperly illustrate the workings of the human mind, through his writing. Outline: I. Introduction II. What is Manic Depression and Depression? III. OtherWriters with Mental Illnesses IV. Dostoevskys Life V. Analysis ofNotes- VI. Conclusion Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, authorof several acclaimed books-including Notes From Underground-asemi-autobiographical story, introduced a new form of writing,stream-of-consciousness, to Russia and Europe. Soon, this form ofwriting that would become the mark of the Existentialist, spread to theAmericas. Interestingly enough, the stream-of-consciousness thatmanifested itself in his writing was actually the product of a mood disorder,which can be characterized by intensely emotional thoughts. Caught in a rift ofcontrasting thoughts, the Manic-Depressive-commonly endowed with superiorartistic abilities, can be very insightful to the ways of man. Manic-depressioncan clinically be defined as a mood disorder with two contrasting states: maniaand depression. There must be an occurrence of one or more Manic or Mixedepisodes a nd often, the individual has also had one or more Major Depressiveepisodes in the past. In Manic-Depressive disorder, also known as Bipolardisorder, the manic and depressive episodes recur in varying degrees ofintensity. The DSM-IV describes Manic and Depressive episodes as: Theessential feature is a distinct period when the predominant mood is eitherelevated, expansive or irritable, and when there are associated symptoms of themanic syndrome. These symptoms include hyperactivity, pressure of speech,flight of ideas, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep,distractibility, and excessive involvement in activities that have a highpotential for painful consequences, which are not recognized. The manualdescribes depressive episodes as: The essential feature is either adysphoric mood, usually depression, or loss of interest or pleasure in mostusual activities and pass-times. This disturbance is prominent, relativelypersistent, and associated with other symptoms of the depressive sy ndrome.These symptoms include appetite disturbance, change in weight, sleepdisturbance, psychomotor agitation or retardation, decreased energy, feelings ofworthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating or thinking, and thoughts ofdeath or suicide, or suicidal attempts. Manic Depression is also due to abiochemical imbalance in the brain. These biochemical reactions include theincreasing and decreasing of intra- and extracellular sodium, chloride,and potassium (Beck 65). The inclining and declining of these functionssupport the contrasting manic and depressive moods. The spirit of geniusno free-floating, absolute power, but is strictly bound to the laws ofbiochemistry and the endocrine glands. This again credits the idea thatmanic-depression can stimulate artistry. Though it is difficult to proveManic-Depressive disorder among those who have passed away, the occurrence ofthis behavior and has been traced through letters written to friends and family,and personal accounts. Creative p eople, such as Keats, Woolf, and Dostoevsky,have been named among those who had this illness. Keatss notes and letters wereevidence of his violent mood swings; his surgery lecture notes, embellished withmany impromptu sketches in the margins were evidence of his wide-ranginginterests, and also of his mercurial nature. Woolf became violent and delusionalin her manic episodes, and when she was in a depressive state, she barely spokeor ate, and attempted suicide. Born in the hospital for the poor, Dostoevsky wasthe second of seven children. He led a happy and peaceful childhood where heheld particular warm feelings towards his family. It is not abnormal forone with the Manic-depressive syndrome to live a life of normalcy- thatis, of course, until an element of unpleasantry enters his life (Ostow82). His father, murdered by his own serfs, had a hot tempered andirritable state of mind. His mother, described as tender and sensitive with aliterary and musical talent, died when Fyodor was f ifteen-years-old. Aftergraduating from St. Petersburgs Academy of Military Engineers as lieutenant, hewas assigned to a military department. Dostoevsky worked there for one yearbefore he realized that working in a department gave him no satisfaction, andthat he wanted to write and work as an author. Later, he became acquainted withthe utopian socialist group, for which he seemed to have become strongman. Thisassociation got him four years in Siberian prison. After a four-year stay at theSiberian prison, he married a widow and later regained his rights as a nobleman. .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 , .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 .postImageUrl , .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 , .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45:hover , .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45:visited , .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45:active { border:0!important; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45:active , .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45 .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u155d174d05710b621c957789a9798b45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nontraditional Tradtions Essay Periods of relative prosperity and happiness stopped abruptly Dostoevskys wifeand brother died. He was left alone with his brothers debts, and was resortedto gambling as a way out from economic difficulties. Except for the last tenyears, the Dostoevsky family suffered from economical difficulties caused bybrothers debts, an always-begging stepson and Fyodors gambling spree. Theyalso were extremely unlucky regarding their three children. Like Dostoevskyslife, his writing contained many avenues down which one could lose his- orherself. He begins his two-part Notes From Underground with a streamof ironies, a forewarning to the reader of what lies ahead. Seemingly unfocusedand ambiguous, it is possible to see through his writing, and detect hismanic-depression in his style. An obvious example of this is the terminalconfusion in his writing: I am a sick man I am a week man. Anunattractive man. I think my liver hurts. However, I dont know a fig about mysickness, and am not sure what it is that hurts me. I am not being treated andnever have been, though I respect medicine and doctors. Whats more, I am alsosuperstitious in the extreme; well, at least enough to respect medicine. (Imsufficiently educated not to be superstitious, but I am.) No, sir, I refuse tobe treated out of weakness. This terminal confusion is reminiscent ofhuman nature, and its never-ending cycle. Throughout calamity and affirmativeevents in human life, we, as human beings have the tendency to chase ourthoughts, analyzing and dissecting them. Like those in the depressive state,Dostoevsky, who wrote in the same tempo as his thought patterns, basicallyillustrated the way our thought processes work. As though in the midst ofconversation, Dostoevsky assumes the readers irritability, what preciselyam I? then I will answer you: I am one Collegiate assessor. He refersto himself as his post. Dostoevskys depressive episode comes into play. During a depressive episode, feelings of detachment may be exhibited bythe patient, as he may refer to himself in the third person or as an object (Ostow128). Likely, it is very much so like humans to refer to themselves aswhat they are capable of contributing to society. Detached and forlorn,depressives get lost in their own worlds. Frantically grasping for what is solidbefore them is, at times, the only thing that will keep them together. In thisexample, Dostoevsky referring to himself as his post is his way of affirming hishumanity. Dostoevsky was obviously very aware of his Manic-depressive disorder,He repeatedly points out that he is overly conscious, and that it ishis sickness and a real sickness. Like some manic-depressives-those being few innumber, he was somehow able to predict his mood changes and was able to make useof them accordingly. An example of a manic stream of consciousness is asfollows: To live beyond forty is indecent, banal, immoral! Who does beyondforty answer me sincerely, honestly? Ill tell you who does: fools andscoundrels do. Ill say it in the faces of the elders, all these venerableelders, all the silver-haired and sweet-smelling elders quotation marks! Illsay it in the whole worlds face! I have the right to speak this way, because Imyself live to be sixty. A live to be seventy! Ill live to beeighty!weights! Let me catch my breath Extremely energetic andfeisty, characteristic of a manic episode, Dostoevsky once again chases histail, and we see into the mind of a human being. We have a front row seat of hishyperactivity rise to the point of exhaustion. He begins with tuning forty, andgoes on to explain how aging beyond this would be indecent-a morbid thought. Wesee him quickly rise to the point of pure babble. Excessive speech is alsocharacteristic of the mania syndrome. Woolf was known to speak on end, night andday for three whole days, unceasingly (Jamison 56). Dostoevsky refers to himselfa normal human being one who is not overly conscious, as aninsect. There should be no shock that one would think so lowly of himself. .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c , .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c .postImageUrl , .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c , .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c:hover , .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c:visited , .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c:active { border:0!important; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c:active , .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub41644c1042226865f3d1fb4f53b275c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Health and fitness EssayBehind the mask of the Underground Man, he examines his emotionalstamina, referring to himself as an insect, or a low species of the living (Murry3). According to Dostoevsky, not thinking and not being conscious, bothinternally and externally, is a luxury. In Notes From Underground,Dostoevsky takes on a guided tour of the functions of the mind. Debilitatingpsychological illnesses can be held accountable for one compulsivelyquestioning, and burdening themselves with existential thoughts. DostoevskysManic-depression gave him, ironically, this ability. BibliographyBurke, James. High Point, Low Point. Excite, 1997. http://home1.swipnet.se/~w-15266/cultur/fyodor/index.htm Hershman, D. Jablow Lieb, Julien, MD.. A Brotherhood of Tyrants. New York: Prometheus Books,1994 Jamison, Kay, MD.. An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness. NewYork: Random House, Incorporated, 1995 Lord, Robert. Dostoevsky: Essays andPerspectives. Berkley and Los Angeles: University Press, 1970 Murry, J. Middleton. Fyodor Dostoevsky: A Critical Study. London, 1916 Ostow, Mortimer,M.D.. The Psychology of the Melancholy. New York, Evanston, and London: Harper Row, Publishers, 1970 Wasiolek, Edward. Dostoevsky: The Major Fiction. Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1964

Essay about My School Life Essay Example

Essay about My School Life Paper Paragraph Writing on My School Life I believe a good teacher can stimulate and help to improve the minds and lives of countless students by sharing with them gift of knowledge and believing in them. Early childhood is an important period of life. Childhood is the time when growth is great and learning is rapid. During my school life, I had many teachers. But there are two teachers that impressed me the most. After I finished my middle school in Chicago, We moved to Los Angeles for my dads job. I started going to high school at Los almitios, CA were I was introduced to my math teacher Mr. Shah chemistry teacher Mr. Patel. I would like to talk about those two teachers here. Mr. Shah is a Tall man with a deep quite voice walks in to the class room with piece of papers in his hand. Students knew that he will be giving us a small test based on last class, unlikely other teachers he wont give us any grads in that test but what he does is he will ask questions based on that test, for instance he asked a question after the test what is the formula of water ? and all students shout out H20, with this Mr. Shah can see if student has given right answers, if some students get it wrong they have not embarrassed themselves by individually raising their hand and announcing their mistake. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay about My School Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay about My School Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay about My School Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But Mr. Shah knows that he needs to give them more attention. On other hand my math teacher, Mr Patel, soft speaking, young man walks thru the door in the class room then immediately starts writing series of questions on the black board. The question are based on what is going to be cover in that class , After finishing his writing ,he picks up someone randomly from the group of students and ask that questions. It does not require deep reading of the topic to answer those questions; one can easily answer those questions just by doing overview of the topic before that class, so by answering that question correctly student can build self confident and also it encourage others to read about the topic before the class. Unlike other teachers in his the class room, Mr Shahs teaching method is totally different. He wont use his notes or book, instead he asks students to read it from the book and then he explains that on board so in that way student not only understand topic by listing but simultaneously reading that from book. That also creates excitement in student while reading among all other students and that also enhance reading skills of the students . Unlike Mr Shah during his class Mr Patel always do presentations using power point that makes topic not only interesting but also easy to understand. During class presentation he always uses some interesting pictures and videos which attract students so students can understand remember that topic easily. Mr. Shah also does non traditional activity like going on field trip during quarter that gives an clear idea about subject and better understanding by putting live example infornt of students. For instance we visited discovery museum and science centre during class. The purpose of that trip was to take science learning out of class room and moves it in to real world. I was really impressed from this teacher. His methods not only creates an excitements in class room but also make me study and try perform better and better in class among other classmates and finally lead me to good grades in chemistry. While in Maths class we do not have to write down final exam paper instead Mr Patels class required that student have to present that their work as a individual or part of team , In that class we did presentation of solving quadratic equation using mathematics software, that was really challenging and was also fun to work and learn with new software to solve maths problem that makes us to think about different available software in todays world and choosing best for our application that gives us an idea about latest technologies and latest development the field. Even though my both the teachers have totally different personalities and method to teach their students, I have no doubt to consider both of them to be an effective teachers even with different presentation, teaching methods, standards. They improved my life a lot, due to their inspiration today I am able to peruse my masters in analytical chemistry at California state university, los angels. With out doubt I can say that both are very effective teachers for me.

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essays

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essays Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essay Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essay There are past literature reappraisals related to work and household struggle, but barely any reappraisal which gives a speedy overview of work and household research in planetary context. This paper outlines both the positive and negative results associated with work and household interface, theoretical theoretical accounts related to work and household research, ancestors and effects of work and household interface, importance of subjects in work and household survey and future deductions of work and household interface. Introduction In the twenty-first century it is a challenge for many working households to keep a balance between work and household. The increased engagement of married adult females in the labor force has led to a turning realisation that work and household spheres are extremely mutualist. Duxbury and Higgins ( 1991 ) reported that due to the increasing prevalence of double bread-winner households and individual working parents, workers are confronting more challenges in run intoing the demands of work and household. Issues of work and household have ever been a portion of our life. Lopata and Norr ( 1980 ) suggest that work and household issues have gained greater importance because the stereotyped life-course form is altering and more flexible options are available. Killien, Habermann, and Jarrett ( 2001 ) reported that in more than 50 % of all married twosomes in United States of America, both spouses work outside the place. In the western and double earner twosomes are the norm today, stand foring 54 % of married twosomes in the U.S. in 2001 ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 ) . The intervention of the place and work sphere has been identified as one of the 10 major stressors in the work topographic point ( Kelloway, Gottlieb, A ; Barham, 1999 ) . The spillover from work and household can be negative or positive and is bi-directional ; it involves the transportation of temper and behavior from one sphere ( place or workplace ) to the other ( Almeida, Wethington, A ; Chandler, 1999 ; Bromet, Dew, A ; Parkinson, 1990 ) . Work can be really of import and can hold positive effects for people ( e.g. Rothbard, 2001 ) . A balanced life can give multiple beginnings of satisfaction ( Baruch A ; Barnett, 1893 ) , and can supply many people with societal support, chances for increased self-efficacy and an expanded frame of mention ( Barnett A ; Hyde, 2001 ) . If the workers are unable to do the balance between work and household functions, the potency for struggle between the functions additions ( Frone, Russell, A ; Cooper, 1992a ; Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2003 ) . Work and household struggle is emerging as a research subject because there have been important alterations in the societal constructs of gender, parentage and work individuality ( Beach, 1989 ) . Work and Family from the Conflict and Balance Perspective Voydanoff ( 2004b ) reported that work and household struggle and work household balance are independent concepts instead than opposite terminals of a individual continuum. Work and household struggle is based on the rule of scarceness theory. The scarceness theory of human energy assumes that personal resources of clip, energy, and attending are fixed. The scarceness hypothesis besides suggests that the multiple functions necessarily cut down the clip and energy available to run into all function demands, therefore making strain ( Goode, 1960 ) and work-family struggle ( Marks, 1977 ) . Work and household struggle has been defined as a signifier of interrole struggle in which function force per unit areas from the work and household spheres are reciprocally incompatible in some regard ( Greenhaus A ; Beutell, 1985, p.77 ; Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2003 ) . Work and household struggle occurs when the demands of work are in inharmoniousness with the demands of household ( Bruck, Allen A ; Spector, 2002 ) . Boundaries of work and household are unsymmetrically permeable, such that work interferes with household life and household life interferes with work ( Eagel, Miles A ; Icenogle, 1997 ; Frone, Russell A ; Cooper, 1992b ) . The mutual exclusivenesss between the two functions are based on the three different signifiers of work and place struggle: clip based, strain based and behaviors based ( Greenhaus A ; Beutell, 1985 ) . Time based struggle occurs when the clip demanded by the household puts force per unit area on work and the clip demanded at work take away from passing quality clip with the household. Parasuraman, Purohit, Godshalk, and Beutell ( 1996 ) hypothesized that committednesss of clip represent an of import cause of work and household struggle ( WFC ) . This hypothesis is based on the position that clip is a limited resource. If a individual devotes his clip to a given function e.g. work, the less clip that individual has to run into the househo ld function. Strain based struggle occur when emphasis from one sphere displacements to another sphere. Bartolome and Evans ( 1979 ) explained strain based struggle as the extent to which an person preoccupied with one function ( e.g. household ) stressed person trying to run into the demands of another function ( e.g. work ) . Behaviour based struggle occurs when behavior makes it hard to carry through the demands in another function. Behaviour based struggle refers to the show of specific behaviours in one sphere that are incongruous with coveted behaviours within the 2nd sphere, where norms and function outlooks in one country of life are in- compatible with those required in the other sphere ( O Driscoll, Brough, A ; Kalliath, 2006, p. 118 ) . Several research workers acknowledge that the way of struggle is an indispensable component and that both work-to- household and family-to-work struggle demand to be identified ( e.g. , Frone, Russell, A ; Cooper, 1997 ; Higgins A ; Du xbury, 1992 ) . WFC was originally operationalized as an uni-dimensional concept ( Kopelman, Greenhaus, A ; Connolly, 1983 ) . The recent surveies by Carlson, Kacmar, and Williams ( 2000 ) and Frone et Al. ( 1992, 1997 ) have explained that work household struggle is a multidimentional construct work can interfere household ; ( WIF ) every bit good as household can interfere work ; ( FIW ) . Frone ( 2003 ) reported a four dimensional theoretical account of work-family balance, that is way of influence between work and household functions ( i.e. work-to-family and household to work ) and type of consequence ( conflict versus facilitation ) . The surveies by Aryee, Luk, Leung and Lo ( 1999 ) ; Frone, ( 2003 ) ; Netemeyer, Boles and McMurrian ( 1996 ) and Williams and Alliger, ( 1994 ) reported that the prevalence of WIF struggle is greater than FIW struggle. A survey by Roehling, Moen, and Batt ( 2003 ) reported that household life enhances work life to a greater grade than work life enhances household life. Marks ( 1977 ) ( besides see Sieber, 1974 ) proposed a theoretical option to the scarceness theory, which he called the function enlargement theory. The function enlargement theory Marks proposed assumed that human energy is abundant and engagement in one function could besides hold a positive consequence on the other function. The possible benefits of prosecuting in both work and household functions have mostly been overlooked ( Brockwood, Hammer, A ; Neal, 2003 ; Hanson, Colton, A ; Hammer, 2003 ) . The footings work and household enrichment , positive spillover , work and household sweetening and work and household facilitation are used for the positive relationship between work and household. Work and household facilitation is a signifier of synergism in which resources associated with one function enhance or do engagement in the other function easier ( Voydanoff, 2004a ) . Better operation of both work and household adds a more positive expression at the interaction betwee n work and place, leting for the possibility of synergism between work and place ( Zedeck, 1992 ) . ODriscoll ( 1996 ) examined the procedures of function sweetening where multiple functions energize the persons and give them more satisfaction in work and household functions. In add-on, employees today are more likely to show a strong desire to hold a harmonious balance between work and household ( Offermann A ; Gowing, 1990 ; Zedeck A ; Mosier, 1990 ) . Barnett and Hyde ( 2001 ) besides proposed an expansionist theory of work and household and they explained several benefits of uniting multiple functions. They stated that multiple functions give benefits such as added income, more beginnings of societal support, greater ego complexness and more shared experiences between work forces and adult females. The success in one function can buffer failure in another function. The thought of an interaction between work and household comes from statistical theoretical accounts where two effects combine to supply something that is greater than would hold been predicted from either one alone ( Halpern A ; Murphy, 2005, p. 4 ) . Research has besides found a modest positive correlativity between work and household committedness ( Marks A ; MacDermid, 1996 ) . The exchange theory of Pittman ( 1994 ) defines work-family tantrum as an appraisal of the balance between the domains and may be considered the acceptableness to the multidimensional exchange between a household and work organisation ( p. 135 ) . Pittman referred to work-family tantrum as an appraisal of balance between work and household. There are many empirical surveies that have copiously examined work-home struggle, whereas there have been fewer surveies on positive work-home interaction ( Geurts A ; Demerouti, 2003 ) . At the same clip, there are few instruments available to mensurate work and household balance than work and household struggle ( Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, A ; Grzywacz, 2006 ) . Subsequently in this paper I discuss work and household from the scarceness theory position in more item. Theoretical Models related to Work and Family Research Research workers have proposed a several ways in which the work and household spheres may be linked ( Edwards A ; Rothbard, 2000 ; Lambert, 1990 ) . Earlier work and household research were based on three popular hypotheses ( Cohen, 1997 ) : segregation ( cleavage ) , compensation, and spillover. Segregation refers to the separation of work and household in which there is no systematic connexion between work and household functions ( Edwards A ; Rothbard, 2000 ) . Segregation besides refers to the separation of work and household from the psychological, physical, temporal and functional point of position, and suggests that this is the best manner to maintain a boundary between work and household ( Lambert, 1990 ) . Compensation refers to the negative relationship between the work and household function. If a individual is dissatisfied in one function of life, it offsets satisfaction in another ( Burke A ; Greenglass, 1987 ) . Spillover can be seen in footings of work and household temper, value, accomplishments, and behavior spillover. The spillover theoretical account of work and household refers to the positive and negative feelings, attitudes and behaviours that might emerge in one sphere and are carried over into the other ( Googins, 1991, p. 9 ) . Kabanoff and O Brien ( 1980 ) have expanded the spillover and compensation hypothesis by analysing the work and household activities in five dimensions ( liberty, assortment, skill use, force per unit area and societal interaction ) . A comprehensive theoretical account of the work-family interface was developed and tested by Frone et Al. ( 1992a ) . This theoretical account introduced a major alteration in the theories of work and household struggle. The theoretical account extended anterior research by explicitly separating between work interfering with household and household interfering with work. This differentiation allowed testing of hypothesis refering the alone ancestors and results of both signifiers of work-family struggle and the mutual relationship between them. Frone et Al. ( 1997 ) developed an integrative theoretical account of the work-family interface. This theoretical account extends anterior work by Frone et Al. ( 1992a ) . Although this present theoretical account adopts the differentiation between WIF and FIW, several of import alterations have been incorporated. First, a more expressed effort is made to pattern the mutual ( i.e. , feedback ) dealingss between work and household life. Second, a differentiation is drawn between proximal and distal forecasters of work-family struggle. Third, the dealingss between work-family struggle and function related affect have been differentiated into prognostic and outcome dealingss. Finally, function related behaviour and behavioural purposes have been explicitly incorporated into the theoretical account. Bronfenbrenner ( 1989 ) developed an ecological systems theory which stands in contrast to the person, deterministic position of the structural-functionalist function theory. The ecological systems theory suggests that the work-family experience is a joint map of procedure, individual, context and clip features. Ecological theory suggests that each type of characteristic exerts an linear, and potentially synergistic, consequence on the work-family experience. Research workers have used this model to steer the survey of work-family struggle ( e.g. , Grzywacz, 2000 ; Hammer, Bauer, A ; Grandey, 2003 ; Voydanoff, 2002 ) . From the position of ecological systems theory, work, community and household are microsystems dwelling of webs of face-to-face relationships ( Bronfenbrenner, 1989 ) . When two or more microsystems are interrelated, such as work, household and community, the procedures linking them organize two types of mesosystems. In one manner, we can happen direct relationships w ithin one or more microsystems. The relationship within the work, household and community may be positive or negative, unidirectional or mutual. From another position, we can see the combined consequence of these microsystems on single, community and work outcomes. Grzywacz and Marks ( 2000 ) examined the work and household interface utilizing the ecological systems theory. They found four dimensions in the experience of the work and household interface: negative work-to-family spillover, negative household to work spillover, positive work to household spillover and positive household to work spillover. Besides, they reported that the ecological resources at work ( i.e. determination latitude, colleague and supervisor support ) and household ( i.e. partner and household support ) were associated with lower degrees of negative spillover and higher degree of positive work-family spillover. They besides found that ecological barriers at work ( i.e. work force per unit area ) and househ old ( i.e. spouse dissension and household unfavorable judgment load ) was associated with higher degrees of negative work-family spillover. Senecal, Vallerand and Guay ( 2001 ) proposed and tested a theoretical account of work-family struggle based on the Self-Determination Theory and the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Persons who perform an activity out of pick and pleasance regulate their behavior in a self-determined mode. Persons besides do activities out of internal and external force per unit areas, which regulate their behaviour in a non-self-determined manner ( Deci A ; Ryan, 1985 ; 1991 ) . The theoretical account posits that positive interpersonal factors both at work ( i.e. one s employer ) and at place ( e.g. one s partner ) influence work and household motive. But low degrees of self-determined motive towards the two life contexts ( work and household ) facilitate the experience of household disaffection, which leads to work-family struggle. Finally, work-family struggle leads to feelings of emotional exhaustion. Consequences from structural equation patterning supported this theo retical account. Although the theoretical account was supported by informations from both work forces and adult females, some sex differences were uncovered at the average degree. Voydanoff ( 2002 ) proposed a conceptual theoretical account that links the work-family interface to work, household and single results through several interceding mechanisms. First, the work-family interface is related to a cognitive appraisal of work and household struggle, function balance or function sweetening. This relationship may be moderated by societal classs and get bying resources. The appraisal of struggle, balance or sweetening can ensue in either work-family function strain or work-family function easiness. Then, depending on the extent of strain or easiness, persons and households pursue assorted work-family adaptative schemes designed to better or ease accommodation to assorted facets of work and household interface. The success of these schemes is indicated by the extent of sensed work-family tantrum. Work-family tantrum is related straight to work, household and single results. Last, work-family adaptative schemes are proposed as holding feedback effects on the wor k household interface. Boundary theory ( Ashforth, Kreiner, A ; Fugate, 2000 ; Nippert-Eng, 1996 ) and Border theory ( Clark, 2000 ; Michelson A ; Johnson, 1997 ) province that each one of a individual s functions takes topographic point within a specific sphere of life, and these that spheres are separated by boundary lines that may be physical, temporal, or psychological ( Ashforth et al. 2000 ; Clark, 2000 ) . Boundary/border theory specifically addresses the issue of traversing boundary lines between spheres. Although this theory is relevant to all spheres of life, its most common application is to the spheres of place and work. Harmonizing to the boundary/border theory, the flexibleness and permeableness of the boundaries between people s work and household lives will impact the degree of integrating, the easiness of passages, and the degree of struggle between these spheres ( Ashforth et al. 2000 ; Clark, 2000 ; Nippert-Eng, 1996 ) . Loy and Frenkel ( 2005 ) present social cultural theoretical accounts of work and household. They explained that social civilizations vary by race, ethnicity, societal category, and part. They explained that although the figure of dual-earner households has risen in all industrialised states states, the households vary in the ways they address work-family struggle, in portion, due to differences in social civilizations. Acknowledging the importance of cultural theoretical accounts of gender, work and household has effects for the building of provinces and organisational policies. Hobfoll ( 1989 ) developed the preservation of resources ( COR ) theoretical account. Harmonizing to this theoretical account persons seek to get and keep resources including objects, personal features, conditions and energies. Stress occurs when there is a loss of resources or a menace of loss. The COR theoretical account proposes that work and household struggle leads to emphasize because resources ( e.g. , clip and energy ) are lost in the procedure of beguiling both work and household functions p. 352 ) . Grandey and Cropanzano ( 1999 ) argue that the preservation of resources theoretical account is an betterment over function theory. Until late, work and household research workers have relied chiefly upon function theory ( Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, A ; Rosenthal, 1964 ) . Harmonizing to the COR theoretical account function theory has some restrictions because it has paid less attending to household functions. On the other manus, the COR theoretical account encompasses seve ral emphasis theories, and explains stress results for both intra and interrole emphasis. The single difference variables in emphasis forms are besides included in the COR theoretical account and treated as resources. Finally, the COR theoretical account besides provides an extra penetration that has non been widely considered in WFC literature. The theoretical account has emphasis on threatened resources and suggests that certain critical events are the beginning of emphasis as good. The Grandey and Cropanzano ( 1999 ) survey is the lone survey which has tested the application of the COR theoretical account to work and household research. An extended organic structure of research is based on theories of function strain and function sweetening and addresses the effects of executing multiple functions ( in the household and the work topographic point ) . Harmonizing to function theoreticians, a function is a set of activities or behaviours that others expect an single to execute ( Kahn et al. 1964 ) . Therefore, an addition in functions gives rise to an addition in function struggle. Role emphasis theory proposes that the greater the function accretion, the greater the demands and function mutual exclusiveness and the greater the function struggle and strain ( Burr, Leigh, Day, A ; Constantine, 1979 ; Goode, 1960 ) . Role struggle is defined as the coincident happening of two ( or more ) sets of function force per unit areas such that conformity with one would do more hard the conformity with the other ( Kahn et al. 1964, p. 19 ) . At the same clip a figure of empirical surveies support function sweetening theory ( e .g. , Barnet and Hyde, 2001 ; Waldron, Weiss, A ; Sieber, 1974 ) . After the development of all the above-named theoretical accounts in work and household, Carlson et Al. ( 2000 ) proposed a six-dimensional theoretical account of work and household struggle. Their theoretical account include three signifiers of struggle ( clip based, strain based and behavior based struggle ) and two waies of struggle ( WIF and FIW ) which consequences in a six-dimensional theoretical account of work and household struggle ( see figure 1 ) . Figure1. ( Beginning: Carlson, Kacmar, A ; Williams, 2000, p. 251 ) . Explain the theoretical account describe Ancestors and Consequences of Work and Family Jacobs and Gerson ( 2001 ) reported that the huge addition in working female parents, individual parents and double earner twosomes means that more workers than of all time are trying to equilibrate work and household life. As a consequence, the bulk of working parents feel that they have a deficit of clip to carry through their multiple life functions ( Hochschild, 1997 ) . Research workers have considered a figure of different variables as possible ancestors of WIF and FIW. Consistent with the categorization strategy of Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, and Brinley ( 2005 ) sing ancestors of work-family struggle, ancestors can be classified into three classs: work sphere variables, non-work sphere variables, and single and demographic variables. Work sphere variables and work and household struggle There are more surveies analyzing the work sphere as forecasters of WFC than the household sphere as forecasters of FWC. WIF interaction has been given more research attending than that given to FIW interaction ( Eagle, Miles, A ; Icenogle, 1997 ; Higgins A ; Duxbury, 1992 ) . Job demands, occupation control and societal support were the most discussed ancestors of work. The Job Demand- Control ( JDC ) theoretical account reported two important occupation facets in the work state of affairs: occupation demands and occupation control ( Karasek, 1979 ) . In the 1980s, a societal dimension was added to this theoretical account and called occupation demand-control and support ( JDCS ) theoretical account. Job demands refer to the work burden, and have been operationalized chiefly in footings of clip force per unit area and function struggle ( Karasek, 1985 ) . The cardinal constituent of occupation demand is the undertaking s mental work load and the mental watchfulness or rousing need ed to transport out the undertaking. Three types of occupation demands are included in this theory: clip demands, supervising demands and job work outing demands ( Karasek A ; Theorell, 1990, p. 63 ) . The occupation features mentioned by the demands, control and support theoretical accounts have been reported in a figure of work and household surveies ( e.g. , Grzywacz A ; Butler, 2005 ; Grzywacz A ; Marks, 2000 ; ODriscoll, Ilgen, A ; Hildreth, 1992 ; Pal A ; Saksvik, 2006 ; 2008 ) . Employees who had higher occupation demand, lower occupation control and less societal support were more likely to see high degrees of work-family struggle ( Grzywacz A ; Marks, 2000 ; Pleck, Staines, A ; Lang, 1980 ) . At the same clip, there are many surveies focused on working hours, long hours of work, long yearss and the relation to WFC ( Carlson A ; Perrewe, 1999 ; Grzywacz A ; Marks, 2000 ; Keith A ; Schafer, 1980 ; Pleck, et Al. 1980 ; Reich, 2000 ) . A natural decision is that those who work long hours and yearss are non able to give clip to the household. The mean figure of hours a twosome worked in America in 1997 was ten hours a hebdomad more than the mean twosome in 1970 ( Jacobs A ; Gerson, 1998 ) . Toterdell, Spelten, Smith, Barton, and Folkard ( 1995 ) reported that employees who work in different displacements reported work and household struggle because displacement work leads to kip perturbation and interferes with societal life. Demerouti, Geurts, Bakker and Euwema ( 2004 ) , in a survey on military constabulary, reported that fixed non twenty-four hours shifts including weekends ( i.e. , during extremely valuable times ) should be avoided in order to minimise the struggle between work and household. Length and troubles of the commute to and from work has besides been shown to be related to WIF struggle ( Bohen A ; Viveros-Long, 1981 ; Pleck et Al. 1980 ) . The resettlement of work besides gives rise to negative work and household effects ( Munton , 1990 ) . Management support and acknowledgment ( Burke, 1988 ; Love, Galinsky, A ; Hughes, 1987 ) , the degrees of work function assigned to work functions ( Greenhaus and Kopelman, 1981 ; Greenhaus and Parasuraman, 1987 ) , function overload at work ( Bacharach et al. , 1991 ) , and persons extremely involved in work ( Frone et al. 1992a ; Greenhaus, Parasuraman, Granrose, Rabinowitz A ; Beutell, 1989 ; Hammer, Allen, A ; Grigsby, 1997 ) are besides of import factors related to WIF struggle. Job insecurity or concern over losing one s occupation is a strain based demand that threatens the economic wellbeing necessary for the stableness and quality of household life. The emphasis associated with occupation insecurity reduces interpersonal handiness and bounds effectual engagement in household life. One survey reported that occupation insecurity is positively related to WFC for work forces and adult females ( Batt A ; Valcour, 2003 ) , whereas another survey found this relation ship for adult females but non for work forces ( Kinnunen A ; Mauno, 1998 ) . Several surveies besides reported a important relationship between WFC and occupation satisfaction ( Coverman, 1989 ; Rice, Frone, A ; Mcfarlin, 1992 ) . Organizational committedness is another work-related variable that has been studied in association with WFC. Netemeyer et Al. ( 1996 ) ; Good et al. , ( 1998 ) and ODriscoll et Al. ( 1992 ) found that as WFC increases, the organisational committedness lessenings. Greater degrees of WFC are associated with increased purposes to go forth the organisation ( Grandey A ; Cropanzano, 1999 ; Good et Al. 1988 ) . Wayne, Musica and Fleeson ( 2004 ) and Grandey, Cordeiro, and Crouter ( 2005 ) proposed that imputing the beginning of the work and household struggle to the work sphere is associated with decreased satisfaction with the work function, whereas imputing it to the household sphere contributes to take down matrimonial quality. Research suggests that a supportive organisational civilization, supervisor, or wise man is by and large good in cut downing WFC. Several surveies have found that work support ( Carlson A ; Perrewe, 1999 ; Greenhaus et Al. 1987 ; Thompson, Beauvais, A ; Lyness, 1999 ) , the handiness of work-family benefits ( Thompson et al. , 1999 ) , holding a wise man ( Nielson et al. 2001 ) , having more function mold and overall wise man support ( Nielson et al. 2001 ) , and holding a wise man who was perceived as holding similar work-family values ( Nielson et al. , 2001 ) are related to less WFC. At the same clip, occupation satisfaction buffers the relationship between hours spent assisting parents and psychological hurt for female parents ( Voydanoff A ; Donnelly, 1999 ) . Having a flexible work agendas is ranked as the most valuable benefit option for employees ( Allen, 2001 ) . Family sphere variables and household and work struggle Numerous surveies have examined features of the household sphere as forecasters of WFC and household engagement as adversely influenced by work-related concerns ( Burke A ; Greenglass, 1987 ) . Research into WIF struggle and FIW struggle ancestors in the household sphere has found positive linkages between WIF struggle and FIW struggle and matrimonial position ( Herman A ; Gyllstrom, 1977 ) , size and developmental phase of the household ( Herman A ; Gyllstrom, 1977 ; Keith A ; Schafer, 1980 ) , degree of importance assigned to household functions ( Greenhaus A ; Parasuraman, 1987 ) , household stressors ( parental work load, extent of kids s misbehaviour, deficiency of partner support, and the grade of tenseness in the matrimonial relationship ) and household engagement ( Frone et al. 1992a ) . Negative relationships were found between WIF struggle and partner and household support ( Bruke, 1988 ; Greenhaus A ; Kopelman, 1981 ) . Indeed, Suchet and Barling ( 1986 ) found groun ds for partner support as a moderator of WIF. A survey by Higgins and Duxbury ( 1992 ) which revealed that males in double calling twosomes ( that is, male breadwinner and fulltime homemaker ) found WFC related to life satisfaction. Surveies by Bedeian, Burke and Moffett ( 1988 ) ; Greenhaus, Bedeian and Mossholder ( 1987 ) , and Parasuraman et Al. ( 1989 ) found that WFC was strongly related to quality of life. Some surveies that take into history the bi-directional nature of work-home interventions suggest that place features are more likely to further home-work intervention. For illustration, Frone et Al. ( 1992a ) have shown that whereas occupation stressors were positively related to work work interferes with household , household stressors ( e.g. parental work load and deficiency of partner support ) were positively related to family interfering with work . They even argue that the positive relationships between household stressors and WHI suggested and documented in old res earch ( e.g. Burke, 1988 ; Kopelman et al. 1983 ; Voydanoff, 1988 ) are, in fact, indirect relationships through family interferes with work . Individual and demographic variables Gender, matrimonial position and age are often described as the most of import demographic features act uponing work and household. Byron ( 2005 ) found that demographic variables tend were weak forecasters of WIF and FIW ; although they did tended to hold indirect effects on WIF and FIW. This coincides with recent theory that supports the usage of societal classs as moderators in the work-family literature ( Voydanoff, 2002 ) . In general, being male appears to worsen any negative effects of household sphere ancestors, such as household emphasis, household struggle, figure of kids, and matrimonial position, related to work-family struggle. Paradoxically, females tend to bask greater protective benefits from those ancestors, such as flexible work agendas, and, to some extent supportive households, which lessen the experience of interventions. One s life phases besides influence work and household struggle ( Barnett, Gareis, James, A ; Steele, 2003 ) . A survey by Burke and Greenglass ( 1999 ) found that age is positively related to work-family struggle. Grazywacs and Marks ( 2000 ) examined the effects of age on the experience of positive and negative work and household interaction. They found that immature work forces reported more negative spillover between work and household and less positive spillover between household to work than older work forces, while younger adult females reported more positive spillover from work to household, and more negative spillover from household to work than did older adult females. Personality should besides be given greater consideration in understanding how an single positions and experience multiple life functions ( Carlson, 1999 ; Wayne et Al. 2004 ) . Friede and Ryan ( 2005 ) discuss the function of personality in construing work and household. Behavior based struggle is besides linked to the personality of an person and is one of the chief forecasters of WFC. Carlson ( 1999 ) reported that it occurs when there is mutual exclusiveness between the behaviours at either the work topographic point or the place. Personality can act upon the existent type and sum of work and household function demands that an single experiences his or her, perceptual experience of work and household function demands and the attack to work and household interface. There is the demand for a greater acknowledgment of single differences in work and household theorizing. Some may disregard this because of a concern that concentrating on single differences, such as personality, is non a cardinal influence of work and household struggle and work and household sweetening. But this may take to sing jobs in work and life reconciliation as single duty, with small or no answerability on the portion of the house or of social establishments ( Friede A ; Ryan, 2005, p. 204 ) . Emotional stableness ( Kinnunen, Vermulst, Gerris, A ; Makikangas, 2003 ) and self esteem ( Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2003 ) are besides linked to the work-family struggle. Finally, research workers discovered that interpersonal fond regard manners ( Sumer A ; Knight, 2001 ) , and psychological engagement in work and household functions ( Adams, King, A ; King, 1996 ; Frone et Al. 1992a ) are linked to work and household struggle. Importance research Topics in Work and Family Study Gender and work-family interface- Gender refers to the set of culturally expected personality, behaviour, and attitude properties associated with being male or female in any given society. Much gendering takes topographic point in the context of household, where the feminine societal ideals are what makes a good female parent or a good girl or a good married woman, and the masculine societal ideals are reflected in impressions of the ideal male parent or the ideal hubby ( Simon, 1995 ) . The literature on gender, work and household reveals that a gender difference is found when construing work and household. Women experience more work and household struggle than work forces. Hochschild ( 1989 ) reported that adult females typically spend more combined clip on work and household activities than work forces. Grzywacz, Almeida, and McDonald ( 2002 ) examined relationships between instruction, gender, ethnicity, and the figure of kids under age 6 old ages of age in the family. They found that adult females reported higher degrees of facilitation than work forces, whereas other demographic features did non demo statistically important relationships with facilitation. The survey by Bond, Galinsky and Swanberg ( 1998 ) on gender and WFC reported that adult females with traditional gender function attitude reported more work and household struggle than adult females with less traditional attitudes. Among double earner twosomes, adult females experience higher degree of work and household struggle than work forces, peculiarly when they are responsible for immature kids ( Marshall A ; Barnett, 1993 ; Roehling, Moen, A ; Batt, 2003 ) . Now it seems that there are new theoretical aspects in gender, work and household research. Most of the surveies indicate that work forces and adult females see a similar degree of work and household struggle ( Bedeian, Bruke, A ; Moffett, 1998 ; Duxbury A ; Higgins, 1991 ; Frone A ; Rice, 1987 ; Kinnunen A ; Mauno, 1998 ; K innunen, Geurts, A ; Mauno, 2004 ) . A transverse cultural survey by Pal and Saksvik ( 2006 ) reported no gender difference among Norse and Indian physicians and nurses in construing work and household. Flexible work agreements and work household interface flexible work agreements have been of import for work-family surveies because work and household demand is a important cause of interrole struggle, as defined by Greenhaus and Beutell ( 1985 ) . Working hours are going longer for many people. In a national study in Britain, 42 % of employees reported that they ever or frequently leave the workplace in a province of exhaustion, and a farther 48 % said they sometimes do so ( societal Tendencies , 1999 ) . Long on the job hours are besides related to stress-related unwellness ( Sparks, Cooper, Fried, A ; Shirom, 1997 ) .The rise in long working hours has been turning among members of double earner and particularly professional dual-career households, and clip force per unit area from work are peculiarly intense during the life rhythm phase that includes the kid rise uping old ages ( Brannen A ; Moss, 1998 ) . Several surveies assumed there will be a nexus between long work hours and negative results. In the last few old ages at that place has been a large alteration in the research on line working hours and its negative results. The surveies by Hyde, DeLamater, and Durik ( 1998 ) and Pal and Saksvik, ( 2006 ) found no negative results between long work hours and WFC. Absenteeism and work household interface- WFC has been related to of import single and organisational results, such as absenteeism ( Goff, Mount, A ; Jamish, 1990 ; MacEwen A ; Barling, 1994 ) . Cousins and Tang ( 2004 ) compared the on the job clip flexibleness and work household struggle in the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. They found that the experience of equilibrating work and household life in the different states yield some surprising and self-contradictory consequence. In the Netherlands and Sweden there is statutory norm of 40 hours per hebdomad for male workers. In the UK, there is much less of a extremum at 40 hours, alternatively, the dominant form is that of short hours for adult females and long-hours for work forces . Further, it is noticeable that one tierce of work forces and two fifths of the male parents in UK work more than the threshold of 48 hours per hebdomad specified in the applicable EU working clip directive. Psychosocial work environment and work and household interface- The psychosocial work environment refers to occupation demands, occupation control and work topographic point societal support. Several empirical surveies support the premise that occupation demands and deficiency of work topographic point societal support create negative impact on work and household ( Geurts et al. 1999 ; Hughes, Zalinsky, A ; Morris, 1992 ) . There are few surveies which focus on the cultural differences in construing the psychosocial work environment and WFC ( e.g. , Janssen, Peeters, de Jonge, Houkes, A ; Tummers, 2004 ; Pal A ; Saksvik, 2006 ) . There is a demand of more culture-and-profession-specific research on the psychosocial work environment and WFC. At the same clip, we can believe about the support people get from household and how it helps in cut downing work and household struggle. The survey of Parasuraman, Singh and Greenhaus ( 1997 ) reported that supportive household members allow p ersons to work longer hours and avail themselves of more calling development chances. Cross-cultural position and work and household interface- In the twenty-first century analyzing work and household struggle from a cross cultural position is progressively of import. Hofstede ( 1980 ) explained that persons in different civilizations have been found to keep different values, beliefs and societal outlooks. Yang, Chen, Choi, and Zou ( 2000 ) gave a good illustration of how collectivized civilizations and people from individualistic civilization position work and household. They compared American and Chinese samples and reported that American employees experience greater household demands than the Chinese employees. The household demand had greater impact on work-family struggle in the United States than in China, whereas work demand had a greater impact on work-family struggle in China than in the United States. They besides found that giving household clip for work in China is viewed as selflessness for the benefit of the household or as a short term cost incurred to derive long term benefits, nevertheless in the United States giving household clip for work is frequently perceived as a failure to care for important others in one s life ( Yang et al. 2000, p. 120 ) . Peoples from collectivized civilizations may see work chiefly in footings of procuring household wellbeing while people from individualistic civilizations may see work to be one of the chief beginnings of ego -actualization ( Yang et al. 2000 ) . Future Directions for Work-Family Research Most of the work-family research predicted work-family struggle ( Barnett, 1996 ) . However, now is the clip to believe more about work household balance and how to better balance work and household life for double earner twosomes. Most past research reported that work and household facilitation is merely merely the absence of work and household struggle. But the findings of Grzywacz and Marks ( 2000 ) gave a new way to the work and household facilitation research by saying that it is of import to analyze both the advantages and the disadvantages of work and household functions. Besides, small attending has been placed on developing or proving theoretical theoretical accounts of the work-family interface ( Kanungo A ; Misra, 1984 ; Voydanoff, 1988 ; Zedeck, 1992 ) . More common are surveies that rely on old research findings to develop hypotheses or discourse assorted theories to border study anticipations without really proving specific theories or jointing why peculiar relationshi p are expected based on theories. Research on the interconnectednesss among work, community, and household is still in its early phases. We can cognize more about work and household interface by adding community as a context for work-family function coordination. Communities may both aid and impede the attempts of work organisations, households, and persons to heighten work-family integrating. More research on work-family policies is needed to do employees aware of their work environments and their benefits. Eaton ( 2003 ) found that the perceptual experience of the handiness of work/family policies is even more of import than the presence of formal or informal policies for the coveted results of committedness and productiveness. At the same clip, an organisation may mean to construction and specify policies that will help work/family balance. Compared to other industrialised states, the United States has rather meagre public policies and plans for working households and a comparatively well-developed set of employer-based benefits for working households ( Kelly, 2006, p. 99 ) . A cross-cultural survey on province, household and work life articulation by Crompton ( 2006 ) that compared double earner twosomes work and household struggle, samples were taken in Britain, US, Finland, Norway, France and Portugal. The two Norse states ( Norway and Finland ) reported significantl y lower mean degrees of work-life struggle. This determination suggests that supportive province policies may so be making a difference every bit far as the combination of employment and household life is concerned ( Crompton, 2006, p. 132 ) . Other states can larn from work and household policies in the above-named two Norse public assistance provinces. More cross-cultural research is needed in work- household state of affairss to cognize the advantages and disadvantages of different work household policies in different states. This will assist in the execution of better work and household policies. Perlow ( 2001 ) used samples of package applied scientists from the US, China, India and Hungry working for the same multi-national houses. She wanted to exemplify the national differences in organisational pattern. While the package applied scientists in the U.S. worked really long hours, this was non the same in the other three states. She found important fluctuation in work-time cri terions and norms. Poelmans, Allen, Spector, ODriscoll, Copper, and Sanchez ( 2003 ) reported the importance of cross-cultural and cross-national surveies in work and household interface. They reported how household and social differences related to work and household struggle. More specifically, they found that individualism/collectivism and the presence of family-supportive authorities policies moderated relationships between demands, resources and work and household struggle. States differ in the manner they think about work and household ( Feldman, Masalha, A ; Nadam, 2001 ; Knudsen A ; Waerness, 2001 ) . In transverse cultural research, civilizations are frequently reported in relation to the states as a whole ( e.g. , Hofstede, 1984 ; Triandis, 1995 ) . But in many states, such as Israel and in the Arab universe, there can be diverse cultural groups within each state ( Cohen A ; Kirchmeyer, 2005, p. 542 ) . In this state of affairs, it is hard to describe about civilization in relation to states because assorted cultural groups may hold different function outlooks. It would be rather interesting if future research would concentrate on work and household interface between the different cultural groups in a state. Decision In my position, WFC needs to be thought of within the context of the occupation the individual is keeping and how much clip and energy a individual needs for his or her work life. For case the work and household struggle for a instructor and for a physician will be different, particularly as instructors normally work in a fixed agenda and some physicians work in an exigency service. We should non restrict ourselves to looking merely at work-related factors. The FWC besides needs to be thought of by sing whether the employees belong to a atomic or joint household background, whether they get support from a close household and friends or non. Finally, when we take into consideration the demographic position of an employee, the word gender instantly comes to mind. Many factors such as the age of the employee, figure of kids, age of the youngest kids, and economic position of the household are ignored or under-researched. In decision, I want to state that more research is needed that loo ks at the positive factors of work and household system within the context of different civilizations and different states. So, in future the quality of work and household life can be farther improved.

Business Ethics - Company Scholastic Research Paper

Business Ethics - Company Scholastic - Research Paper Example Scholastic Corporation is a global publishing company which publishes books for educational purpose mainly for school, teachers and including parents. For about 90 years parents and teachers have recognized Scholastic as a trusted brand name in terms of learning. The company remains focused on providing and encouraging children to read as well as love to learn. Scholastic was founded in the year 1920 by Robinson and in the current fiscal has revenue amounting to $2billion and is recognized as the global leader in children’s brand and has distribution with more than 9500 employees globally (Scholastic, 2012). Does your organization have a published code of ethics? If so, how do they promote this code? The Scholastic has a published code of ethics for its employees. The Scholastic code of ethics is based on the company’s Credo and Editorial Platform which also sets the company’s belief of how the children, teachers and parents must be treated by the company.The Boa rd of Directors of Scholastic has set a high standard for the employees, directors and officers. The philosophy is to have sound corporate governance and it’s the duty of the directors to act as a prudent fiduciary for the shareholders. To fulfill the company’s responsibilities and act accordingly, the Board of Directors follows a standard and the procedures which are set forth in the guidelines issued by the company (Scholastic, 2012). Scholastic promotes its code of ethics by applying it into practical life and the result can be determined as it’s the global leader in publishing books and the most trusted publishing company. Scholastic believes in dignity and worth of individual For example the company Scholastic, organizes thematic lessons in order to welcome students and to build a community. As a part of their code of ethics the company is trying to promote through creative lessons which are a perfect means to warm the skills required after summer vacation (Scholastic-b. 2012). How would you classify your organization’s ethical orientation? Ethics is classified under two broad headings which are termed as normative ethics, which means how principles, values and beliefs should be determined and descriptive ethics which includes beliefs, morals and principles which people abide by. Normative ethics refers to the norms and guidelines; it signifies an ideal behavior so that it can be termed as proper. This form of ethics tends to answers moral queries which concern the act of people and their behavior. The normative ethics helps in

Managing Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Performance - Essay Example Many managers have been â€Å"speaking† and practicing effective performance management naturally all their supervisory lives, but don’t know it!†(A Handbook for Measuring Employee Performance, 2001, p.3). Manpower is the only active element in an organization whereas all the other organizational resources are passive in nature. Since human has emotions, intelligence, and the ability to think, his activities will be primarily motivated or controlled by these individual characteristics. No two individuals are alike and therefore a manager will struggle to implement a uniform management style in an organization. In short, individual differences have to be taken into the account while managers devise their strategies for managing employees. In other words, managing individual performance is a complex task. This paper analyses why the management of individual performance in an organization is a complex issue. Team work is encouraged in majority of the current organizations because of the advantages of team work over individual work. However, it should be noted that individuals constitute a team and therefore individual characteristics can affect team work also. Majority of the decisions in a team is taken after a team meeting. Frisch (2008) mentioned that â€Å"reaching collective decisions based on individual preferences is an imperfect science† (Frisch, 2008). Team meetings usually give more importance to the majority’s opinion while taking decisions. It is not necessary that majority’s decisions may always be the right ones. Members of a team may have some common interests and they will vote for safeguarding their interest. It is not necessary that such interests may suit to the interests of the organization. For example, majority of the team members may show reluctance in working overtime for the completion of a project. If the team leader accepts the majorityâ⠂¬â„¢s opinion, the completion of the project could be delayed. Majority’s opinion

N Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

N - Assignment Example For instance the employees offer labor in order to have a good pay, good work conditions, and security. Through their labour, the organization operates to meet its financial and operational objectives (Post, 2002). Shareholders or business owners contribute their investments to the organization even as creditors offer financial or non-financial support in case the organization experiences a shortfall in resoures. This way, investors and creditors ensure that the organization has the resources neessary for its successful operation. Managers and directors contribute to the organization by overseeing its activities and performance and in formulating policies and strategies asnoted by Edward and Reed (2005). Suppliers provide the organization with the resources such as raw materials that it needs to produce its products. Without certain supplies, in spite of the organization rich endowment, no production can be effected. Yet again, without customers, the organization’s activities would be in vain. Customers pay for the goods and services that the company produces thereby contributing to the profitability of the organization. The government and trade unions somehow regulate the activities of the organization. While they may contribute to the organization’s operational and financial success, the two may also negatively impact on its profitability as a result of suh factors as taxes and higher pay demands (Post, 2002). In conclusion, achievement of the organization is assessed in small parts, by reports of financial success and conformity, and partly by meeting the prospects of its stakeholders. Therefore, the stakeholders give the organization the challenge of working extra hard in order to meet their expectations as well as those of the organization An organization’s success is important to its stakeholders hence the

The Issue Of The Kalabagh Dam Environmental Sciences Essay

The Issue Of The Kalabagh Dam Environmental Sciences Essay Pakistan has faced energy crisis problems from the start but they were very mild and were being dealt with very well. It was not until the 1990s that the problem of the energy crisis started to get serious due to the rise in the demand for it. Dams can be defined as fence which stops the water or upstream rivers. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dam) The main purpose of any dam is to keep hold of water. Dams can also be used to collect water or can be used in order to store water, in order to equally distribute between different areas. Hydropower is often used in union with dams, in order to generate electricity. Kalabagh is a small town in province Punjab located in Mianwali district. Kalabagh was the location which was proposed for building the Kalabagh dam, as this place is located on the western side of the river Indus. The main idea of Kalabagh dam was going on from decades but once again it was brought up by General Pervez Musharaf, but due to problems and conflicts raised between Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan; this issue has still not been worked upon. Out of all four provinces, Punjab is the only province which is favor of building the Kalabagh dam. And Punjab is the strongest of all four provinces, and has centralized government legislation. The other three provinces are completely against this decision and have passed undivided resolutions rejecting the project of building Kalabagh dam. This is because Baluchistan and Sindh would not benefit much from the Kalabagh project; instead they would suffer from even more water shortages. Baluchistan is not directly affected by the building of Kalabagh dam. However, the Sardarà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s of Baluchistan often says that the construction of Kalabagh dam is a way in which the province Punjab will rule over other small provinces. And because of these conflicts and disputes, the project is still not been finalized. The opposition groups, who are against the construction of Kalabagh dam, often say that this project will have very adverse impacts on the environment. Secondly, the construction site which is currently home for thousands and millions of people will become no more available for them. If we have to highlight the major cause of not building the dam, we can with no doubt blame the lack of trust between the Punjab government and the other three provinces. The other three provinces have this hatred for Punjab and this could be a result of over intervention of the Pakistan army, which comprises majority of Punjabis and Pathan, all over Pakistan, especially Sindh. Another reason for the hatred can be the ethno-nationalists that give rise to the anti-Punjabi sentiment amongst the public. If the Kalabagh dam project is constructed, then it would be able to have a live storage capacity of 6.1 million acre feet (MAF). This amount would make extensive contribution to boost the irrigation supplies. It will not only enhance the food irrigation for the new projects; but it will also increase the additional allotment decided by the provinces under the water apportionment accord (WAA) of 1991. Another major advantage of building kalabagh dam is that it will increase a huge amount of cheap hydropower to the national grid through its 2,400 mw (ultimate 3,600 mw) installed power. Building Kalabagh dam will also replace the storage previously lost by sedimentation in present reservoirs at Mangla, Chashma and Tarbela. The dam will provide further storage which can be helpful in achieving the present water shortages faced during early Kharif, i.e. the sowing period of April-June. It will also provide efficient directive of Indus River in order to meet the additional Kharif allocations of the provinces under Waa, 1991. Once the dam will be constructed, it will regulate and control the high flood rise in Indus; and will enable provision of tube well irrigations to the river rain area in the south. Lastly, talking about the advantages, while the construction process, 30,000 people will be employed during the construction and a large number of people will get jobs after the construction, as maintenance and operators. Thus, boosting Pakistanà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s GDP and moving Pakistan towards economic growth. If the dam is not constructed, than Pakistan will have to face even more severe crisis of high fuel prices. As the yearly energy generated at Kalabagh, if the dam is build would be equal to 20 million barrels of oil. If Pakistan imports this amount of fuel for thermal generation, than it would be additional burden on the economy. The federal government has taken some measures in order to overcome the load-shedding Pakistan is currently facing. And in order to do this, the government has signed agreement with international private sector of installing over 3,000 mw of thermal power over the next 4 years. This might help in overcoming the load-shedding. However, the power cost will increase drastically. As these private electricity companies are very expensive electricity producers. So, Kalabagh hydropower dam would be very cheap in comparison to keep the cost of electricity within affordability of the nation of Pakistan. Literature review The issue of Kalabagh is an immense issue which has resulted in conflicts and arguments between all the provinces of Pakistan. Some of the arguments against the building of the dam include negative environmental and social impacts. The Kalabagh dam has to face extensive examination and checking from the world dam commission. So, it is likely that these checks might slow down the construction of the Kalabagh dam. The oppositions to the dam often blame the low trustworthiness of government and its agencies, which includes both federal and provincial government for creating an information gap between the original debate of the Kalabagh dam and the discussions which are done by other parties on this issue. The parties in favor of the dam often argue that the construction of Kalabagh dam will help in meeting the urgent needs of cheap energy and cheap food supply for the speedily growing population. The government of Punjab is trying to construct a dam on a very large scale. This is done in order to generate 3,600 mw electric power, and store 6.1 MAF water. On the other hand, if this dam is constructed, it will have many adverse effects. The loss caused by constructing this dam will be loss of 182,000 acres of productive land. Other than this many people will be displaced from their homes. There is a whole set of reasons that goes against the building of the Kalabagh dam. The first reason is the absence of good governance. The project of Kalabagh dam has mostly faced a lack of governance. The people who are the decision makers of the whole project have to also deal with the society and their concerns. Due to the side effects that Kalabagh dam would have an alternative plan called the Tarbela action plan has been proposed. This plan is made through the sediment flow simulations made by the computers. The two purposes that these simulations have are, to see if flushing is feasible for estimating storage capacity in the long run and to analyze reservoirs and predict future sedimentation. On the results of the above simulation three components have been proposed which should be done in order to build the dam. These include reservoir operating strategy, underwater dike and flushing bypass. Reservoir operating strategy works in the way that first the reservoir should be reached at a minimum level and then gradually growing it each year by a small amount. This would ensure the tunnel security until the underwater dike is made. A rock file dike underwater should be made to prevent sediment to overwhelm. Then a bypass would have to be made at a low level with a high capacity in order to be able to flush the sediment. If the plan is implemented this way it would make the storage sustainable. The loss that would be occurred would be more or less what the Kalabagh dam would be designed to take. As is the Kalabagh dam have many issues. The crop yield increasing that has been projected is only in the case when water logging and salinity is put out of the consideration. Hydel energy is really expensive which adds to the environmental costs. Many ecosystems that live in the mangrove forests and are relying on the Indus River would be degraded. Many opposition parties often ignore all these valuable blessings of building Kalabagh dam and still oppose to the building of the dam. Some of the reasons for this opposition are that there is no evidence given to the opposing parties about the costs of hydro power as compared to other sources which provide energy. Other than this, there is a deficiency of organized assessment of the cost of Kalabagh water and the costs of substitute ways of increasing deliverance of water used in the irrigation system and at the same time dropping the wastage in the use of irrigation used water.( Kalabagh dam: an ecological disaster by Abrar Kazi) The adverse impacts of the Kalabagh dam which much opposition argue are, that, it is not yet clear that whether the water flowing from the Indus is enough for filling up the dam in next few years. Another argument is that, the water flowing below Kotri, if it is reduced, than it will affect the people who are very much dependant on this water flowing from underneath Kotri and then utilizes this water on agriculture and fisheries in the coastal Sindh. It will ruin the lives of many people living in the coastal Sindh. The situation becomes more alarming when WAPDA avoid this sort of statistics and rejects to undertake comprehensive and credible studies on this matter. The federal government in response says that, every year, 35maf water goes wasted into the sea, downstream of Kotri. However this wasted water can be used to bring a huge amount of new land used for cultivation and can be used to produce more food. In response to the siltation of land, the federal government says that more dams can help in replacing the lost storage of existing dams. As otherwise we are actually losing the existing storage due to siltation of previous reservoirs. The WAPDA figures in 1987 showed that there was a system loss of an average of 10 MAF in the post Mangla period. However, these figures were doubted, as once the Tarbela dam was built, it was seen that the river regime conditions worsened in 1977. The average yearly system losses in post Tarbela era (1976-94) increased to 14.7 maf as in opposition to 6.2 MAF in the post Mangla pre-Tarbela period (1967-76), showing an increase of 8.5 MAF. Another problem is that, in the Indus basin there is high levels of water logging and salinity, and if the irrigation supplied are to be increased it will just add more to the water logging and salinity to an alarming level in the Indus basin which could be very dangerous. Organizations which drain out the water, such as, national drainage program will take a long time period in reducing the water level from the basins to the sea, and even then, there is a huge probability that it will create a lot of problems and will take a lot of time, as there is no other alternative way of draining the runoff into the sea. The other issues are the financial issues related with the building of Kalabagh dam. There is a very tiny possibility of our government in getting financial aid from international organizations. Most probably the dam will only increases are countries debts. However, if private infrastructure funds are attracted to finance the Kalabagh dam at a high return rate, it is uncertain that the project will still stay fiscally and cost-effectively feasible. Meetings of the council of common interests will remain a poor substitute for responsible and responsive governance. There is an urgent need for the multi ethnic general public involvement on these vital issues of both ethical and officially authorized civil rights to once own life and livelihood that enclose claims to water. Simply in identifying this issue we can sincerely initiate effort towards forging a nationwide agreement on whether or not to construct Kalabagh, rather than by holding conferences amongst councils, who decide on these serious issues. The benefits of Kalabagh dam are considerable. Kalabagh dam will replace the loss of storage in the Tarbela and Mangla moreover it will increase the total quantity of stored water facilitating further and well-timed discharge for irrigation use in order to boost the food grain production. (Kalabagh: need for informed debate by Aly Ercelawn Omar Asghar Khan) Discussion Kalabagh dam is protect that would bring about many changes and many of those changes would be very hard, costly and destructive to cope. Kalabagh dam project is based on many assumptions that are either not true or are just one side of the story. I believe that Kalabagh dam does indeed have some significantly important points to support itself in the construction of it such as the electricity generation and increased food supply through growth in irrigation. However at the same time i believe that Kalabagh dam should not be built when looking at the adverse affects that it would have on the economy. Kalabagh dam is thought to be only useful or living for 22-30 years this means that the cost of making it would not be fully recovered and the replacement of the dam by a new project after its useful life would be again a major expense and hassle. Many other affects of the Kalabagh dam could not be left without putting a great deal of thought into it. The project would affect lots of peo ple and land. Through the Kalabagh dam lots of farmland would be lost and hence the food production would also go down. This would ultimately affect the GDP of Pakistan and cause a national decline. Many people who live in those areas where the dam has to be built would have to be re-homed to new places which is very expensive and could mean that the whole project could be useless in regards the cost. Not only would the government have to re home the people who would be left homeless but also many of the roadways such as the Attock-Talang roadway and railway service would have to be planned all over again. The Sui gas line in the north would also be affected and the re-construction of that would be very costly as well. Moving on, however much costly the problems mentioned above are they can still be tackled with nonetheless. Many of the issues are much more serious and would have an impact on our environment and society for much long-lasting or even indefinite time. One such issue w ould be the lost of the forest. The mangrove forests that would be effected would cost Pakistan the loss of massive wildlife and would cause many diseases through disruptions in the in the food chain. For a healthy atmosphere we need forests and the wildlife that its caters, if the forests are affected not only do humans suffer through the loss of food chains and loss of trees which are useful for production in many finished goods but also the changes in percentages of gasses in the atmosphere would be very harmful for the human life. Even if these issues could be catered for and the Kalabagh dam could maintain its costs through its benefits it would be a project that could be given a thought. However, the physical properties and uses of the dam have also failed to produce a truly glorious picture. Kalabagh dam has been projected to produce 43.5 MAF electricity according to WAPDA however, initially WAPDA itself announced a figure of 23.5 MAF on the basis of the past 60 years of reco rds, when they realized that this figure was too small they gave a new higher figure and claimed it to be on the basis of the last 22 years. This clearly shows that the figures provided by the government and WAPDA are not very reliable. In the case of the Tarbela dam governments had also produced wrong figures that proved to be wrong and disastrous for the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan. Sindh and Baluchistan believe that they would have to suffer from water shortages and the Punjab would get the benefit. Kalabagh dam would also cause water logging by putting backpressure on the river Kabul. River Indus would also be polluted and the existing problem of water shortage would just be increased by the Kalabagh project. Studies have also showed that if worked to their full capacities, the existing dams are enough for the production of the electricity need of Pakistan. Kalabagh dam would only cause more frustration and decline in the growth of Pakistanà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s economy and would hamper the production of energy instead of increasing it. The dispute from the three provinces would lead to a national dispute and would mean a conflict at both the level of society as well as the parliament. All the benefits of the Kalabagh dam that the supporters of it have put forward have never been reliable enough and face criticisms and face valid problems. These problems in my opinion must be first overcome through other minor projects, which are safer, and if it is still necessary then the Kalabagh project should be given a thought. Other minor projects include ghazi Barotha and Bhasha dams. Conclusion To conclude i would like to say that Kalabagh dam does have many good points as stated in the literature review such as the eradication of energy crisis and the increase in the irrigation increasing the supply of food. However the costs and the affects of this project are quite massive and could result in increasing the problems instead of solving it. The adverse affects of the Kalabagh dam are very massive and must be given a very careful review before any decision is made. Kalabagh dam has many negative points to it and there are very little reliable solutions to those problems that have been given. In the light of the current situation the decision to not allow the construction of the Kalabagh dam is the correct decision and until any better proposal or solutions to the problems mentioned above are not found permitting the construction of Kalabagh dam would most likely turn out to be a disaster. To overcome the current energy crisis of Pakistan, there should be an attempt to stric tly supervise the production of energy that is present from the existing plants and these should produce at their best capacity. This might reflect that many of the studies that have shown that with the existing plants producing energy at their best in Pakistan the energy crisis could be solved altogether might be true. This strategy might eradicate the whole need for the Kalabagh or a new dam or a plant to produce energy at the first place. If the problem still persists and proves the analogy of existing plants being able to meet the energy demand of Pakistan wrong then other small projects should be tried first which would not have so much of the adverse affects related to them such as the Bhasha dam and the ghazi Barotha dam project. These small projects are thought to be much more effective as they have little impact on the society and still can produce higher energy, however these dams also have environmental and humanly costs related to them and therefore should be avoided as much as possible.