Essay about My School Life Essay Example

Essay about My School Life Paper Paragraph Writing on My School Life I believe a good teacher can stimulate and help to improve the minds and lives of countless students by sharing with them gift of knowledge and believing in them. Early childhood is an important period of life. Childhood is the time when growth is great and learning is rapid. During my school life, I had many teachers. But there are two teachers that impressed me the most. After I finished my middle school in Chicago, We moved to Los Angeles for my dads job. I started going to high school at Los almitios, CA were I was introduced to my math teacher Mr. Shah chemistry teacher Mr. Patel. I would like to talk about those two teachers here. Mr. Shah is a Tall man with a deep quite voice walks in to the class room with piece of papers in his hand. Students knew that he will be giving us a small test based on last class, unlikely other teachers he wont give us any grads in that test but what he does is he will ask questions based on that test, for instance he asked a question after the test what is the formula of water ? and all students shout out H20, with this Mr. Shah can see if student has given right answers, if some students get it wrong they have not embarrassed themselves by individually raising their hand and announcing their mistake. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay about My School Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay about My School Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay about My School Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But Mr. Shah knows that he needs to give them more attention. On other hand my math teacher, Mr Patel, soft speaking, young man walks thru the door in the class room then immediately starts writing series of questions on the black board. The question are based on what is going to be cover in that class , After finishing his writing ,he picks up someone randomly from the group of students and ask that questions. It does not require deep reading of the topic to answer those questions; one can easily answer those questions just by doing overview of the topic before that class, so by answering that question correctly student can build self confident and also it encourage others to read about the topic before the class. Unlike other teachers in his the class room, Mr Shahs teaching method is totally different. He wont use his notes or book, instead he asks students to read it from the book and then he explains that on board so in that way student not only understand topic by listing but simultaneously reading that from book. That also creates excitement in student while reading among all other students and that also enhance reading skills of the students . Unlike Mr Shah during his class Mr Patel always do presentations using power point that makes topic not only interesting but also easy to understand. During class presentation he always uses some interesting pictures and videos which attract students so students can understand remember that topic easily. Mr. Shah also does non traditional activity like going on field trip during quarter that gives an clear idea about subject and better understanding by putting live example infornt of students. For instance we visited discovery museum and science centre during class. The purpose of that trip was to take science learning out of class room and moves it in to real world. I was really impressed from this teacher. His methods not only creates an excitements in class room but also make me study and try perform better and better in class among other classmates and finally lead me to good grades in chemistry. While in Maths class we do not have to write down final exam paper instead Mr Patels class required that student have to present that their work as a individual or part of team , In that class we did presentation of solving quadratic equation using mathematics software, that was really challenging and was also fun to work and learn with new software to solve maths problem that makes us to think about different available software in todays world and choosing best for our application that gives us an idea about latest technologies and latest development the field. Even though my both the teachers have totally different personalities and method to teach their students, I have no doubt to consider both of them to be an effective teachers even with different presentation, teaching methods, standards. They improved my life a lot, due to their inspiration today I am able to peruse my masters in analytical chemistry at California state university, los angels. With out doubt I can say that both are very effective teachers for me.

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essays

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essays Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essay Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essay There are past literature reappraisals related to work and household struggle, but barely any reappraisal which gives a speedy overview of work and household research in planetary context. This paper outlines both the positive and negative results associated with work and household interface, theoretical theoretical accounts related to work and household research, ancestors and effects of work and household interface, importance of subjects in work and household survey and future deductions of work and household interface. Introduction In the twenty-first century it is a challenge for many working households to keep a balance between work and household. The increased engagement of married adult females in the labor force has led to a turning realisation that work and household spheres are extremely mutualist. Duxbury and Higgins ( 1991 ) reported that due to the increasing prevalence of double bread-winner households and individual working parents, workers are confronting more challenges in run intoing the demands of work and household. Issues of work and household have ever been a portion of our life. Lopata and Norr ( 1980 ) suggest that work and household issues have gained greater importance because the stereotyped life-course form is altering and more flexible options are available. Killien, Habermann, and Jarrett ( 2001 ) reported that in more than 50 % of all married twosomes in United States of America, both spouses work outside the place. In the western and double earner twosomes are the norm today, stand foring 54 % of married twosomes in the U.S. in 2001 ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 ) . The intervention of the place and work sphere has been identified as one of the 10 major stressors in the work topographic point ( Kelloway, Gottlieb, A ; Barham, 1999 ) . The spillover from work and household can be negative or positive and is bi-directional ; it involves the transportation of temper and behavior from one sphere ( place or workplace ) to the other ( Almeida, Wethington, A ; Chandler, 1999 ; Bromet, Dew, A ; Parkinson, 1990 ) . Work can be really of import and can hold positive effects for people ( e.g. Rothbard, 2001 ) . A balanced life can give multiple beginnings of satisfaction ( Baruch A ; Barnett, 1893 ) , and can supply many people with societal support, chances for increased self-efficacy and an expanded frame of mention ( Barnett A ; Hyde, 2001 ) . If the workers are unable to do the balance between work and household functions, the potency for struggle between the functions additions ( Frone, Russell, A ; Cooper, 1992a ; Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2003 ) . Work and household struggle is emerging as a research subject because there have been important alterations in the societal constructs of gender, parentage and work individuality ( Beach, 1989 ) . Work and Family from the Conflict and Balance Perspective Voydanoff ( 2004b ) reported that work and household struggle and work household balance are independent concepts instead than opposite terminals of a individual continuum. Work and household struggle is based on the rule of scarceness theory. The scarceness theory of human energy assumes that personal resources of clip, energy, and attending are fixed. The scarceness hypothesis besides suggests that the multiple functions necessarily cut down the clip and energy available to run into all function demands, therefore making strain ( Goode, 1960 ) and work-family struggle ( Marks, 1977 ) . Work and household struggle has been defined as a signifier of interrole struggle in which function force per unit areas from the work and household spheres are reciprocally incompatible in some regard ( Greenhaus A ; Beutell, 1985, p.77 ; Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2003 ) . Work and household struggle occurs when the demands of work are in inharmoniousness with the demands of household ( Bruck, Allen A ; Spector, 2002 ) . Boundaries of work and household are unsymmetrically permeable, such that work interferes with household life and household life interferes with work ( Eagel, Miles A ; Icenogle, 1997 ; Frone, Russell A ; Cooper, 1992b ) . The mutual exclusivenesss between the two functions are based on the three different signifiers of work and place struggle: clip based, strain based and behaviors based ( Greenhaus A ; Beutell, 1985 ) . Time based struggle occurs when the clip demanded by the household puts force per unit area on work and the clip demanded at work take away from passing quality clip with the household. Parasuraman, Purohit, Godshalk, and Beutell ( 1996 ) hypothesized that committednesss of clip represent an of import cause of work and household struggle ( WFC ) . This hypothesis is based on the position that clip is a limited resource. If a individual devotes his clip to a given function e.g. work, the less clip that individual has to run into the househo ld function. Strain based struggle occur when emphasis from one sphere displacements to another sphere. Bartolome and Evans ( 1979 ) explained strain based struggle as the extent to which an person preoccupied with one function ( e.g. household ) stressed person trying to run into the demands of another function ( e.g. work ) . Behaviour based struggle occurs when behavior makes it hard to carry through the demands in another function. Behaviour based struggle refers to the show of specific behaviours in one sphere that are incongruous with coveted behaviours within the 2nd sphere, where norms and function outlooks in one country of life are in- compatible with those required in the other sphere ( O Driscoll, Brough, A ; Kalliath, 2006, p. 118 ) . Several research workers acknowledge that the way of struggle is an indispensable component and that both work-to- household and family-to-work struggle demand to be identified ( e.g. , Frone, Russell, A ; Cooper, 1997 ; Higgins A ; Du xbury, 1992 ) . WFC was originally operationalized as an uni-dimensional concept ( Kopelman, Greenhaus, A ; Connolly, 1983 ) . The recent surveies by Carlson, Kacmar, and Williams ( 2000 ) and Frone et Al. ( 1992, 1997 ) have explained that work household struggle is a multidimentional construct work can interfere household ; ( WIF ) every bit good as household can interfere work ; ( FIW ) . Frone ( 2003 ) reported a four dimensional theoretical account of work-family balance, that is way of influence between work and household functions ( i.e. work-to-family and household to work ) and type of consequence ( conflict versus facilitation ) . The surveies by Aryee, Luk, Leung and Lo ( 1999 ) ; Frone, ( 2003 ) ; Netemeyer, Boles and McMurrian ( 1996 ) and Williams and Alliger, ( 1994 ) reported that the prevalence of WIF struggle is greater than FIW struggle. A survey by Roehling, Moen, and Batt ( 2003 ) reported that household life enhances work life to a greater grade than work life enhances household life. Marks ( 1977 ) ( besides see Sieber, 1974 ) proposed a theoretical option to the scarceness theory, which he called the function enlargement theory. The function enlargement theory Marks proposed assumed that human energy is abundant and engagement in one function could besides hold a positive consequence on the other function. The possible benefits of prosecuting in both work and household functions have mostly been overlooked ( Brockwood, Hammer, A ; Neal, 2003 ; Hanson, Colton, A ; Hammer, 2003 ) . The footings work and household enrichment , positive spillover , work and household sweetening and work and household facilitation are used for the positive relationship between work and household. Work and household facilitation is a signifier of synergism in which resources associated with one function enhance or do engagement in the other function easier ( Voydanoff, 2004a ) . Better operation of both work and household adds a more positive expression at the interaction betwee n work and place, leting for the possibility of synergism between work and place ( Zedeck, 1992 ) . ODriscoll ( 1996 ) examined the procedures of function sweetening where multiple functions energize the persons and give them more satisfaction in work and household functions. In add-on, employees today are more likely to show a strong desire to hold a harmonious balance between work and household ( Offermann A ; Gowing, 1990 ; Zedeck A ; Mosier, 1990 ) . Barnett and Hyde ( 2001 ) besides proposed an expansionist theory of work and household and they explained several benefits of uniting multiple functions. They stated that multiple functions give benefits such as added income, more beginnings of societal support, greater ego complexness and more shared experiences between work forces and adult females. The success in one function can buffer failure in another function. The thought of an interaction between work and household comes from statistical theoretical accounts where two effects combine to supply something that is greater than would hold been predicted from either one alone ( Halpern A ; Murphy, 2005, p. 4 ) . Research has besides found a modest positive correlativity between work and household committedness ( Marks A ; MacDermid, 1996 ) . The exchange theory of Pittman ( 1994 ) defines work-family tantrum as an appraisal of the balance between the domains and may be considered the acceptableness to the multidimensional exchange between a household and work organisation ( p. 135 ) . Pittman referred to work-family tantrum as an appraisal of balance between work and household. There are many empirical surveies that have copiously examined work-home struggle, whereas there have been fewer surveies on positive work-home interaction ( Geurts A ; Demerouti, 2003 ) . At the same clip, there are few instruments available to mensurate work and household balance than work and household struggle ( Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, A ; Grzywacz, 2006 ) . Subsequently in this paper I discuss work and household from the scarceness theory position in more item. Theoretical Models related to Work and Family Research Research workers have proposed a several ways in which the work and household spheres may be linked ( Edwards A ; Rothbard, 2000 ; Lambert, 1990 ) . Earlier work and household research were based on three popular hypotheses ( Cohen, 1997 ) : segregation ( cleavage ) , compensation, and spillover. Segregation refers to the separation of work and household in which there is no systematic connexion between work and household functions ( Edwards A ; Rothbard, 2000 ) . Segregation besides refers to the separation of work and household from the psychological, physical, temporal and functional point of position, and suggests that this is the best manner to maintain a boundary between work and household ( Lambert, 1990 ) . Compensation refers to the negative relationship between the work and household function. If a individual is dissatisfied in one function of life, it offsets satisfaction in another ( Burke A ; Greenglass, 1987 ) . Spillover can be seen in footings of work and household temper, value, accomplishments, and behavior spillover. The spillover theoretical account of work and household refers to the positive and negative feelings, attitudes and behaviours that might emerge in one sphere and are carried over into the other ( Googins, 1991, p. 9 ) . Kabanoff and O Brien ( 1980 ) have expanded the spillover and compensation hypothesis by analysing the work and household activities in five dimensions ( liberty, assortment, skill use, force per unit area and societal interaction ) . A comprehensive theoretical account of the work-family interface was developed and tested by Frone et Al. ( 1992a ) . This theoretical account introduced a major alteration in the theories of work and household struggle. The theoretical account extended anterior research by explicitly separating between work interfering with household and household interfering with work. This differentiation allowed testing of hypothesis refering the alone ancestors and results of both signifiers of work-family struggle and the mutual relationship between them. Frone et Al. ( 1997 ) developed an integrative theoretical account of the work-family interface. This theoretical account extends anterior work by Frone et Al. ( 1992a ) . Although this present theoretical account adopts the differentiation between WIF and FIW, several of import alterations have been incorporated. First, a more expressed effort is made to pattern the mutual ( i.e. , feedback ) dealingss between work and household life. Second, a differentiation is drawn between proximal and distal forecasters of work-family struggle. Third, the dealingss between work-family struggle and function related affect have been differentiated into prognostic and outcome dealingss. Finally, function related behaviour and behavioural purposes have been explicitly incorporated into the theoretical account. Bronfenbrenner ( 1989 ) developed an ecological systems theory which stands in contrast to the person, deterministic position of the structural-functionalist function theory. The ecological systems theory suggests that the work-family experience is a joint map of procedure, individual, context and clip features. Ecological theory suggests that each type of characteristic exerts an linear, and potentially synergistic, consequence on the work-family experience. Research workers have used this model to steer the survey of work-family struggle ( e.g. , Grzywacz, 2000 ; Hammer, Bauer, A ; Grandey, 2003 ; Voydanoff, 2002 ) . From the position of ecological systems theory, work, community and household are microsystems dwelling of webs of face-to-face relationships ( Bronfenbrenner, 1989 ) . When two or more microsystems are interrelated, such as work, household and community, the procedures linking them organize two types of mesosystems. In one manner, we can happen direct relationships w ithin one or more microsystems. The relationship within the work, household and community may be positive or negative, unidirectional or mutual. From another position, we can see the combined consequence of these microsystems on single, community and work outcomes. Grzywacz and Marks ( 2000 ) examined the work and household interface utilizing the ecological systems theory. They found four dimensions in the experience of the work and household interface: negative work-to-family spillover, negative household to work spillover, positive work to household spillover and positive household to work spillover. Besides, they reported that the ecological resources at work ( i.e. determination latitude, colleague and supervisor support ) and household ( i.e. partner and household support ) were associated with lower degrees of negative spillover and higher degree of positive work-family spillover. They besides found that ecological barriers at work ( i.e. work force per unit area ) and househ old ( i.e. spouse dissension and household unfavorable judgment load ) was associated with higher degrees of negative work-family spillover. Senecal, Vallerand and Guay ( 2001 ) proposed and tested a theoretical account of work-family struggle based on the Self-Determination Theory and the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Persons who perform an activity out of pick and pleasance regulate their behavior in a self-determined mode. Persons besides do activities out of internal and external force per unit areas, which regulate their behaviour in a non-self-determined manner ( Deci A ; Ryan, 1985 ; 1991 ) . The theoretical account posits that positive interpersonal factors both at work ( i.e. one s employer ) and at place ( e.g. one s partner ) influence work and household motive. But low degrees of self-determined motive towards the two life contexts ( work and household ) facilitate the experience of household disaffection, which leads to work-family struggle. Finally, work-family struggle leads to feelings of emotional exhaustion. Consequences from structural equation patterning supported this theo retical account. Although the theoretical account was supported by informations from both work forces and adult females, some sex differences were uncovered at the average degree. Voydanoff ( 2002 ) proposed a conceptual theoretical account that links the work-family interface to work, household and single results through several interceding mechanisms. First, the work-family interface is related to a cognitive appraisal of work and household struggle, function balance or function sweetening. This relationship may be moderated by societal classs and get bying resources. The appraisal of struggle, balance or sweetening can ensue in either work-family function strain or work-family function easiness. Then, depending on the extent of strain or easiness, persons and households pursue assorted work-family adaptative schemes designed to better or ease accommodation to assorted facets of work and household interface. The success of these schemes is indicated by the extent of sensed work-family tantrum. Work-family tantrum is related straight to work, household and single results. Last, work-family adaptative schemes are proposed as holding feedback effects on the wor k household interface. Boundary theory ( Ashforth, Kreiner, A ; Fugate, 2000 ; Nippert-Eng, 1996 ) and Border theory ( Clark, 2000 ; Michelson A ; Johnson, 1997 ) province that each one of a individual s functions takes topographic point within a specific sphere of life, and these that spheres are separated by boundary lines that may be physical, temporal, or psychological ( Ashforth et al. 2000 ; Clark, 2000 ) . Boundary/border theory specifically addresses the issue of traversing boundary lines between spheres. Although this theory is relevant to all spheres of life, its most common application is to the spheres of place and work. Harmonizing to the boundary/border theory, the flexibleness and permeableness of the boundaries between people s work and household lives will impact the degree of integrating, the easiness of passages, and the degree of struggle between these spheres ( Ashforth et al. 2000 ; Clark, 2000 ; Nippert-Eng, 1996 ) . Loy and Frenkel ( 2005 ) present social cultural theoretical accounts of work and household. They explained that social civilizations vary by race, ethnicity, societal category, and part. They explained that although the figure of dual-earner households has risen in all industrialised states states, the households vary in the ways they address work-family struggle, in portion, due to differences in social civilizations. Acknowledging the importance of cultural theoretical accounts of gender, work and household has effects for the building of provinces and organisational policies. Hobfoll ( 1989 ) developed the preservation of resources ( COR ) theoretical account. Harmonizing to this theoretical account persons seek to get and keep resources including objects, personal features, conditions and energies. Stress occurs when there is a loss of resources or a menace of loss. The COR theoretical account proposes that work and household struggle leads to emphasize because resources ( e.g. , clip and energy ) are lost in the procedure of beguiling both work and household functions p. 352 ) . Grandey and Cropanzano ( 1999 ) argue that the preservation of resources theoretical account is an betterment over function theory. Until late, work and household research workers have relied chiefly upon function theory ( Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, A ; Rosenthal, 1964 ) . Harmonizing to the COR theoretical account function theory has some restrictions because it has paid less attending to household functions. On the other manus, the COR theoretical account encompasses seve ral emphasis theories, and explains stress results for both intra and interrole emphasis. The single difference variables in emphasis forms are besides included in the COR theoretical account and treated as resources. Finally, the COR theoretical account besides provides an extra penetration that has non been widely considered in WFC literature. The theoretical account has emphasis on threatened resources and suggests that certain critical events are the beginning of emphasis as good. The Grandey and Cropanzano ( 1999 ) survey is the lone survey which has tested the application of the COR theoretical account to work and household research. An extended organic structure of research is based on theories of function strain and function sweetening and addresses the effects of executing multiple functions ( in the household and the work topographic point ) . Harmonizing to function theoreticians, a function is a set of activities or behaviours that others expect an single to execute ( Kahn et al. 1964 ) . Therefore, an addition in functions gives rise to an addition in function struggle. Role emphasis theory proposes that the greater the function accretion, the greater the demands and function mutual exclusiveness and the greater the function struggle and strain ( Burr, Leigh, Day, A ; Constantine, 1979 ; Goode, 1960 ) . Role struggle is defined as the coincident happening of two ( or more ) sets of function force per unit areas such that conformity with one would do more hard the conformity with the other ( Kahn et al. 1964, p. 19 ) . At the same clip a figure of empirical surveies support function sweetening theory ( e .g. , Barnet and Hyde, 2001 ; Waldron, Weiss, A ; Sieber, 1974 ) . After the development of all the above-named theoretical accounts in work and household, Carlson et Al. ( 2000 ) proposed a six-dimensional theoretical account of work and household struggle. Their theoretical account include three signifiers of struggle ( clip based, strain based and behavior based struggle ) and two waies of struggle ( WIF and FIW ) which consequences in a six-dimensional theoretical account of work and household struggle ( see figure 1 ) . Figure1. ( Beginning: Carlson, Kacmar, A ; Williams, 2000, p. 251 ) . Explain the theoretical account describe Ancestors and Consequences of Work and Family Jacobs and Gerson ( 2001 ) reported that the huge addition in working female parents, individual parents and double earner twosomes means that more workers than of all time are trying to equilibrate work and household life. As a consequence, the bulk of working parents feel that they have a deficit of clip to carry through their multiple life functions ( Hochschild, 1997 ) . Research workers have considered a figure of different variables as possible ancestors of WIF and FIW. Consistent with the categorization strategy of Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, and Brinley ( 2005 ) sing ancestors of work-family struggle, ancestors can be classified into three classs: work sphere variables, non-work sphere variables, and single and demographic variables. Work sphere variables and work and household struggle There are more surveies analyzing the work sphere as forecasters of WFC than the household sphere as forecasters of FWC. WIF interaction has been given more research attending than that given to FIW interaction ( Eagle, Miles, A ; Icenogle, 1997 ; Higgins A ; Duxbury, 1992 ) . Job demands, occupation control and societal support were the most discussed ancestors of work. The Job Demand- Control ( JDC ) theoretical account reported two important occupation facets in the work state of affairs: occupation demands and occupation control ( Karasek, 1979 ) . In the 1980s, a societal dimension was added to this theoretical account and called occupation demand-control and support ( JDCS ) theoretical account. Job demands refer to the work burden, and have been operationalized chiefly in footings of clip force per unit area and function struggle ( Karasek, 1985 ) . The cardinal constituent of occupation demand is the undertaking s mental work load and the mental watchfulness or rousing need ed to transport out the undertaking. Three types of occupation demands are included in this theory: clip demands, supervising demands and job work outing demands ( Karasek A ; Theorell, 1990, p. 63 ) . The occupation features mentioned by the demands, control and support theoretical accounts have been reported in a figure of work and household surveies ( e.g. , Grzywacz A ; Butler, 2005 ; Grzywacz A ; Marks, 2000 ; ODriscoll, Ilgen, A ; Hildreth, 1992 ; Pal A ; Saksvik, 2006 ; 2008 ) . Employees who had higher occupation demand, lower occupation control and less societal support were more likely to see high degrees of work-family struggle ( Grzywacz A ; Marks, 2000 ; Pleck, Staines, A ; Lang, 1980 ) . At the same clip, there are many surveies focused on working hours, long hours of work, long yearss and the relation to WFC ( Carlson A ; Perrewe, 1999 ; Grzywacz A ; Marks, 2000 ; Keith A ; Schafer, 1980 ; Pleck, et Al. 1980 ; Reich, 2000 ) . A natural decision is that those who work long hours and yearss are non able to give clip to the household. The mean figure of hours a twosome worked in America in 1997 was ten hours a hebdomad more than the mean twosome in 1970 ( Jacobs A ; Gerson, 1998 ) . Toterdell, Spelten, Smith, Barton, and Folkard ( 1995 ) reported that employees who work in different displacements reported work and household struggle because displacement work leads to kip perturbation and interferes with societal life. Demerouti, Geurts, Bakker and Euwema ( 2004 ) , in a survey on military constabulary, reported that fixed non twenty-four hours shifts including weekends ( i.e. , during extremely valuable times ) should be avoided in order to minimise the struggle between work and household. Length and troubles of the commute to and from work has besides been shown to be related to WIF struggle ( Bohen A ; Viveros-Long, 1981 ; Pleck et Al. 1980 ) . The resettlement of work besides gives rise to negative work and household effects ( Munton , 1990 ) . Management support and acknowledgment ( Burke, 1988 ; Love, Galinsky, A ; Hughes, 1987 ) , the degrees of work function assigned to work functions ( Greenhaus and Kopelman, 1981 ; Greenhaus and Parasuraman, 1987 ) , function overload at work ( Bacharach et al. , 1991 ) , and persons extremely involved in work ( Frone et al. 1992a ; Greenhaus, Parasuraman, Granrose, Rabinowitz A ; Beutell, 1989 ; Hammer, Allen, A ; Grigsby, 1997 ) are besides of import factors related to WIF struggle. Job insecurity or concern over losing one s occupation is a strain based demand that threatens the economic wellbeing necessary for the stableness and quality of household life. The emphasis associated with occupation insecurity reduces interpersonal handiness and bounds effectual engagement in household life. One survey reported that occupation insecurity is positively related to WFC for work forces and adult females ( Batt A ; Valcour, 2003 ) , whereas another survey found this relation ship for adult females but non for work forces ( Kinnunen A ; Mauno, 1998 ) . Several surveies besides reported a important relationship between WFC and occupation satisfaction ( Coverman, 1989 ; Rice, Frone, A ; Mcfarlin, 1992 ) . Organizational committedness is another work-related variable that has been studied in association with WFC. Netemeyer et Al. ( 1996 ) ; Good et al. , ( 1998 ) and ODriscoll et Al. ( 1992 ) found that as WFC increases, the organisational committedness lessenings. Greater degrees of WFC are associated with increased purposes to go forth the organisation ( Grandey A ; Cropanzano, 1999 ; Good et Al. 1988 ) . Wayne, Musica and Fleeson ( 2004 ) and Grandey, Cordeiro, and Crouter ( 2005 ) proposed that imputing the beginning of the work and household struggle to the work sphere is associated with decreased satisfaction with the work function, whereas imputing it to the household sphere contributes to take down matrimonial quality. Research suggests that a supportive organisational civilization, supervisor, or wise man is by and large good in cut downing WFC. Several surveies have found that work support ( Carlson A ; Perrewe, 1999 ; Greenhaus et Al. 1987 ; Thompson, Beauvais, A ; Lyness, 1999 ) , the handiness of work-family benefits ( Thompson et al. , 1999 ) , holding a wise man ( Nielson et al. 2001 ) , having more function mold and overall wise man support ( Nielson et al. 2001 ) , and holding a wise man who was perceived as holding similar work-family values ( Nielson et al. , 2001 ) are related to less WFC. At the same clip, occupation satisfaction buffers the relationship between hours spent assisting parents and psychological hurt for female parents ( Voydanoff A ; Donnelly, 1999 ) . Having a flexible work agendas is ranked as the most valuable benefit option for employees ( Allen, 2001 ) . Family sphere variables and household and work struggle Numerous surveies have examined features of the household sphere as forecasters of WFC and household engagement as adversely influenced by work-related concerns ( Burke A ; Greenglass, 1987 ) . Research into WIF struggle and FIW struggle ancestors in the household sphere has found positive linkages between WIF struggle and FIW struggle and matrimonial position ( Herman A ; Gyllstrom, 1977 ) , size and developmental phase of the household ( Herman A ; Gyllstrom, 1977 ; Keith A ; Schafer, 1980 ) , degree of importance assigned to household functions ( Greenhaus A ; Parasuraman, 1987 ) , household stressors ( parental work load, extent of kids s misbehaviour, deficiency of partner support, and the grade of tenseness in the matrimonial relationship ) and household engagement ( Frone et al. 1992a ) . Negative relationships were found between WIF struggle and partner and household support ( Bruke, 1988 ; Greenhaus A ; Kopelman, 1981 ) . Indeed, Suchet and Barling ( 1986 ) found groun ds for partner support as a moderator of WIF. A survey by Higgins and Duxbury ( 1992 ) which revealed that males in double calling twosomes ( that is, male breadwinner and fulltime homemaker ) found WFC related to life satisfaction. Surveies by Bedeian, Burke and Moffett ( 1988 ) ; Greenhaus, Bedeian and Mossholder ( 1987 ) , and Parasuraman et Al. ( 1989 ) found that WFC was strongly related to quality of life. Some surveies that take into history the bi-directional nature of work-home interventions suggest that place features are more likely to further home-work intervention. For illustration, Frone et Al. ( 1992a ) have shown that whereas occupation stressors were positively related to work work interferes with household , household stressors ( e.g. parental work load and deficiency of partner support ) were positively related to family interfering with work . They even argue that the positive relationships between household stressors and WHI suggested and documented in old res earch ( e.g. Burke, 1988 ; Kopelman et al. 1983 ; Voydanoff, 1988 ) are, in fact, indirect relationships through family interferes with work . Individual and demographic variables Gender, matrimonial position and age are often described as the most of import demographic features act uponing work and household. Byron ( 2005 ) found that demographic variables tend were weak forecasters of WIF and FIW ; although they did tended to hold indirect effects on WIF and FIW. This coincides with recent theory that supports the usage of societal classs as moderators in the work-family literature ( Voydanoff, 2002 ) . In general, being male appears to worsen any negative effects of household sphere ancestors, such as household emphasis, household struggle, figure of kids, and matrimonial position, related to work-family struggle. Paradoxically, females tend to bask greater protective benefits from those ancestors, such as flexible work agendas, and, to some extent supportive households, which lessen the experience of interventions. One s life phases besides influence work and household struggle ( Barnett, Gareis, James, A ; Steele, 2003 ) . A survey by Burke and Greenglass ( 1999 ) found that age is positively related to work-family struggle. Grazywacs and Marks ( 2000 ) examined the effects of age on the experience of positive and negative work and household interaction. They found that immature work forces reported more negative spillover between work and household and less positive spillover between household to work than older work forces, while younger adult females reported more positive spillover from work to household, and more negative spillover from household to work than did older adult females. Personality should besides be given greater consideration in understanding how an single positions and experience multiple life functions ( Carlson, 1999 ; Wayne et Al. 2004 ) . Friede and Ryan ( 2005 ) discuss the function of personality in construing work and household. Behavior based struggle is besides linked to the personality of an person and is one of the chief forecasters of WFC. Carlson ( 1999 ) reported that it occurs when there is mutual exclusiveness between the behaviours at either the work topographic point or the place. Personality can act upon the existent type and sum of work and household function demands that an single experiences his or her, perceptual experience of work and household function demands and the attack to work and household interface. There is the demand for a greater acknowledgment of single differences in work and household theorizing. Some may disregard this because of a concern that concentrating on single differences, such as personality, is non a cardinal influence of work and household struggle and work and household sweetening. But this may take to sing jobs in work and life reconciliation as single duty, with small or no answerability on the portion of the house or of social establishments ( Friede A ; Ryan, 2005, p. 204 ) . Emotional stableness ( Kinnunen, Vermulst, Gerris, A ; Makikangas, 2003 ) and self esteem ( Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2003 ) are besides linked to the work-family struggle. Finally, research workers discovered that interpersonal fond regard manners ( Sumer A ; Knight, 2001 ) , and psychological engagement in work and household functions ( Adams, King, A ; King, 1996 ; Frone et Al. 1992a ) are linked to work and household struggle. Importance research Topics in Work and Family Study Gender and work-family interface- Gender refers to the set of culturally expected personality, behaviour, and attitude properties associated with being male or female in any given society. Much gendering takes topographic point in the context of household, where the feminine societal ideals are what makes a good female parent or a good girl or a good married woman, and the masculine societal ideals are reflected in impressions of the ideal male parent or the ideal hubby ( Simon, 1995 ) . The literature on gender, work and household reveals that a gender difference is found when construing work and household. Women experience more work and household struggle than work forces. Hochschild ( 1989 ) reported that adult females typically spend more combined clip on work and household activities than work forces. Grzywacz, Almeida, and McDonald ( 2002 ) examined relationships between instruction, gender, ethnicity, and the figure of kids under age 6 old ages of age in the family. They found that adult females reported higher degrees of facilitation than work forces, whereas other demographic features did non demo statistically important relationships with facilitation. The survey by Bond, Galinsky and Swanberg ( 1998 ) on gender and WFC reported that adult females with traditional gender function attitude reported more work and household struggle than adult females with less traditional attitudes. Among double earner twosomes, adult females experience higher degree of work and household struggle than work forces, peculiarly when they are responsible for immature kids ( Marshall A ; Barnett, 1993 ; Roehling, Moen, A ; Batt, 2003 ) . Now it seems that there are new theoretical aspects in gender, work and household research. Most of the surveies indicate that work forces and adult females see a similar degree of work and household struggle ( Bedeian, Bruke, A ; Moffett, 1998 ; Duxbury A ; Higgins, 1991 ; Frone A ; Rice, 1987 ; Kinnunen A ; Mauno, 1998 ; K innunen, Geurts, A ; Mauno, 2004 ) . A transverse cultural survey by Pal and Saksvik ( 2006 ) reported no gender difference among Norse and Indian physicians and nurses in construing work and household. Flexible work agreements and work household interface flexible work agreements have been of import for work-family surveies because work and household demand is a important cause of interrole struggle, as defined by Greenhaus and Beutell ( 1985 ) . Working hours are going longer for many people. In a national study in Britain, 42 % of employees reported that they ever or frequently leave the workplace in a province of exhaustion, and a farther 48 % said they sometimes do so ( societal Tendencies , 1999 ) . Long on the job hours are besides related to stress-related unwellness ( Sparks, Cooper, Fried, A ; Shirom, 1997 ) .The rise in long working hours has been turning among members of double earner and particularly professional dual-career households, and clip force per unit area from work are peculiarly intense during the life rhythm phase that includes the kid rise uping old ages ( Brannen A ; Moss, 1998 ) . Several surveies assumed there will be a nexus between long work hours and negative results. In the last few old ages at that place has been a large alteration in the research on line working hours and its negative results. The surveies by Hyde, DeLamater, and Durik ( 1998 ) and Pal and Saksvik, ( 2006 ) found no negative results between long work hours and WFC. Absenteeism and work household interface- WFC has been related to of import single and organisational results, such as absenteeism ( Goff, Mount, A ; Jamish, 1990 ; MacEwen A ; Barling, 1994 ) . Cousins and Tang ( 2004 ) compared the on the job clip flexibleness and work household struggle in the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. They found that the experience of equilibrating work and household life in the different states yield some surprising and self-contradictory consequence. In the Netherlands and Sweden there is statutory norm of 40 hours per hebdomad for male workers. In the UK, there is much less of a extremum at 40 hours, alternatively, the dominant form is that of short hours for adult females and long-hours for work forces . Further, it is noticeable that one tierce of work forces and two fifths of the male parents in UK work more than the threshold of 48 hours per hebdomad specified in the applicable EU working clip directive. Psychosocial work environment and work and household interface- The psychosocial work environment refers to occupation demands, occupation control and work topographic point societal support. Several empirical surveies support the premise that occupation demands and deficiency of work topographic point societal support create negative impact on work and household ( Geurts et al. 1999 ; Hughes, Zalinsky, A ; Morris, 1992 ) . There are few surveies which focus on the cultural differences in construing the psychosocial work environment and WFC ( e.g. , Janssen, Peeters, de Jonge, Houkes, A ; Tummers, 2004 ; Pal A ; Saksvik, 2006 ) . There is a demand of more culture-and-profession-specific research on the psychosocial work environment and WFC. At the same clip, we can believe about the support people get from household and how it helps in cut downing work and household struggle. The survey of Parasuraman, Singh and Greenhaus ( 1997 ) reported that supportive household members allow p ersons to work longer hours and avail themselves of more calling development chances. Cross-cultural position and work and household interface- In the twenty-first century analyzing work and household struggle from a cross cultural position is progressively of import. Hofstede ( 1980 ) explained that persons in different civilizations have been found to keep different values, beliefs and societal outlooks. Yang, Chen, Choi, and Zou ( 2000 ) gave a good illustration of how collectivized civilizations and people from individualistic civilization position work and household. They compared American and Chinese samples and reported that American employees experience greater household demands than the Chinese employees. The household demand had greater impact on work-family struggle in the United States than in China, whereas work demand had a greater impact on work-family struggle in China than in the United States. They besides found that giving household clip for work in China is viewed as selflessness for the benefit of the household or as a short term cost incurred to derive long term benefits, nevertheless in the United States giving household clip for work is frequently perceived as a failure to care for important others in one s life ( Yang et al. 2000, p. 120 ) . Peoples from collectivized civilizations may see work chiefly in footings of procuring household wellbeing while people from individualistic civilizations may see work to be one of the chief beginnings of ego -actualization ( Yang et al. 2000 ) . Future Directions for Work-Family Research Most of the work-family research predicted work-family struggle ( Barnett, 1996 ) . However, now is the clip to believe more about work household balance and how to better balance work and household life for double earner twosomes. Most past research reported that work and household facilitation is merely merely the absence of work and household struggle. But the findings of Grzywacz and Marks ( 2000 ) gave a new way to the work and household facilitation research by saying that it is of import to analyze both the advantages and the disadvantages of work and household functions. Besides, small attending has been placed on developing or proving theoretical theoretical accounts of the work-family interface ( Kanungo A ; Misra, 1984 ; Voydanoff, 1988 ; Zedeck, 1992 ) . More common are surveies that rely on old research findings to develop hypotheses or discourse assorted theories to border study anticipations without really proving specific theories or jointing why peculiar relationshi p are expected based on theories. Research on the interconnectednesss among work, community, and household is still in its early phases. We can cognize more about work and household interface by adding community as a context for work-family function coordination. Communities may both aid and impede the attempts of work organisations, households, and persons to heighten work-family integrating. More research on work-family policies is needed to do employees aware of their work environments and their benefits. Eaton ( 2003 ) found that the perceptual experience of the handiness of work/family policies is even more of import than the presence of formal or informal policies for the coveted results of committedness and productiveness. At the same clip, an organisation may mean to construction and specify policies that will help work/family balance. Compared to other industrialised states, the United States has rather meagre public policies and plans for working households and a comparatively well-developed set of employer-based benefits for working households ( Kelly, 2006, p. 99 ) . A cross-cultural survey on province, household and work life articulation by Crompton ( 2006 ) that compared double earner twosomes work and household struggle, samples were taken in Britain, US, Finland, Norway, France and Portugal. The two Norse states ( Norway and Finland ) reported significantl y lower mean degrees of work-life struggle. This determination suggests that supportive province policies may so be making a difference every bit far as the combination of employment and household life is concerned ( Crompton, 2006, p. 132 ) . Other states can larn from work and household policies in the above-named two Norse public assistance provinces. More cross-cultural research is needed in work- household state of affairss to cognize the advantages and disadvantages of different work household policies in different states. This will assist in the execution of better work and household policies. Perlow ( 2001 ) used samples of package applied scientists from the US, China, India and Hungry working for the same multi-national houses. She wanted to exemplify the national differences in organisational pattern. While the package applied scientists in the U.S. worked really long hours, this was non the same in the other three states. She found important fluctuation in work-time cri terions and norms. Poelmans, Allen, Spector, ODriscoll, Copper, and Sanchez ( 2003 ) reported the importance of cross-cultural and cross-national surveies in work and household interface. They reported how household and social differences related to work and household struggle. More specifically, they found that individualism/collectivism and the presence of family-supportive authorities policies moderated relationships between demands, resources and work and household struggle. States differ in the manner they think about work and household ( Feldman, Masalha, A ; Nadam, 2001 ; Knudsen A ; Waerness, 2001 ) . In transverse cultural research, civilizations are frequently reported in relation to the states as a whole ( e.g. , Hofstede, 1984 ; Triandis, 1995 ) . But in many states, such as Israel and in the Arab universe, there can be diverse cultural groups within each state ( Cohen A ; Kirchmeyer, 2005, p. 542 ) . In this state of affairs, it is hard to describe about civilization in relation to states because assorted cultural groups may hold different function outlooks. It would be rather interesting if future research would concentrate on work and household interface between the different cultural groups in a state. Decision In my position, WFC needs to be thought of within the context of the occupation the individual is keeping and how much clip and energy a individual needs for his or her work life. For case the work and household struggle for a instructor and for a physician will be different, particularly as instructors normally work in a fixed agenda and some physicians work in an exigency service. We should non restrict ourselves to looking merely at work-related factors. The FWC besides needs to be thought of by sing whether the employees belong to a atomic or joint household background, whether they get support from a close household and friends or non. Finally, when we take into consideration the demographic position of an employee, the word gender instantly comes to mind. Many factors such as the age of the employee, figure of kids, age of the youngest kids, and economic position of the household are ignored or under-researched. In decision, I want to state that more research is needed that loo ks at the positive factors of work and household system within the context of different civilizations and different states. So, in future the quality of work and household life can be farther improved.

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The Issue Of The Kalabagh Dam Environmental Sciences Essay

The Issue Of The Kalabagh Dam Environmental Sciences Essay Pakistan has faced energy crisis problems from the start but they were very mild and were being dealt with very well. It was not until the 1990s that the problem of the energy crisis started to get serious due to the rise in the demand for it. Dams can be defined as fence which stops the water or upstream rivers. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dam) The main purpose of any dam is to keep hold of water. Dams can also be used to collect water or can be used in order to store water, in order to equally distribute between different areas. Hydropower is often used in union with dams, in order to generate electricity. Kalabagh is a small town in province Punjab located in Mianwali district. Kalabagh was the location which was proposed for building the Kalabagh dam, as this place is located on the western side of the river Indus. The main idea of Kalabagh dam was going on from decades but once again it was brought up by General Pervez Musharaf, but due to problems and conflicts raised between Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan; this issue has still not been worked upon. Out of all four provinces, Punjab is the only province which is favor of building the Kalabagh dam. And Punjab is the strongest of all four provinces, and has centralized government legislation. The other three provinces are completely against this decision and have passed undivided resolutions rejecting the project of building Kalabagh dam. This is because Baluchistan and Sindh would not benefit much from the Kalabagh project; instead they would suffer from even more water shortages. Baluchistan is not directly affected by the building of Kalabagh dam. However, the Sardarà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s of Baluchistan often says that the construction of Kalabagh dam is a way in which the province Punjab will rule over other small provinces. And because of these conflicts and disputes, the project is still not been finalized. The opposition groups, who are against the construction of Kalabagh dam, often say that this project will have very adverse impacts on the environment. Secondly, the construction site which is currently home for thousands and millions of people will become no more available for them. If we have to highlight the major cause of not building the dam, we can with no doubt blame the lack of trust between the Punjab government and the other three provinces. The other three provinces have this hatred for Punjab and this could be a result of over intervention of the Pakistan army, which comprises majority of Punjabis and Pathan, all over Pakistan, especially Sindh. Another reason for the hatred can be the ethno-nationalists that give rise to the anti-Punjabi sentiment amongst the public. If the Kalabagh dam project is constructed, then it would be able to have a live storage capacity of 6.1 million acre feet (MAF). This amount would make extensive contribution to boost the irrigation supplies. It will not only enhance the food irrigation for the new projects; but it will also increase the additional allotment decided by the provinces under the water apportionment accord (WAA) of 1991. Another major advantage of building kalabagh dam is that it will increase a huge amount of cheap hydropower to the national grid through its 2,400 mw (ultimate 3,600 mw) installed power. Building Kalabagh dam will also replace the storage previously lost by sedimentation in present reservoirs at Mangla, Chashma and Tarbela. The dam will provide further storage which can be helpful in achieving the present water shortages faced during early Kharif, i.e. the sowing period of April-June. It will also provide efficient directive of Indus River in order to meet the additional Kharif allocations of the provinces under Waa, 1991. Once the dam will be constructed, it will regulate and control the high flood rise in Indus; and will enable provision of tube well irrigations to the river rain area in the south. Lastly, talking about the advantages, while the construction process, 30,000 people will be employed during the construction and a large number of people will get jobs after the construction, as maintenance and operators. Thus, boosting Pakistanà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s GDP and moving Pakistan towards economic growth. If the dam is not constructed, than Pakistan will have to face even more severe crisis of high fuel prices. As the yearly energy generated at Kalabagh, if the dam is build would be equal to 20 million barrels of oil. If Pakistan imports this amount of fuel for thermal generation, than it would be additional burden on the economy. The federal government has taken some measures in order to overcome the load-shedding Pakistan is currently facing. And in order to do this, the government has signed agreement with international private sector of installing over 3,000 mw of thermal power over the next 4 years. This might help in overcoming the load-shedding. However, the power cost will increase drastically. As these private electricity companies are very expensive electricity producers. So, Kalabagh hydropower dam would be very cheap in comparison to keep the cost of electricity within affordability of the nation of Pakistan. Literature review The issue of Kalabagh is an immense issue which has resulted in conflicts and arguments between all the provinces of Pakistan. Some of the arguments against the building of the dam include negative environmental and social impacts. The Kalabagh dam has to face extensive examination and checking from the world dam commission. So, it is likely that these checks might slow down the construction of the Kalabagh dam. The oppositions to the dam often blame the low trustworthiness of government and its agencies, which includes both federal and provincial government for creating an information gap between the original debate of the Kalabagh dam and the discussions which are done by other parties on this issue. The parties in favor of the dam often argue that the construction of Kalabagh dam will help in meeting the urgent needs of cheap energy and cheap food supply for the speedily growing population. The government of Punjab is trying to construct a dam on a very large scale. This is done in order to generate 3,600 mw electric power, and store 6.1 MAF water. On the other hand, if this dam is constructed, it will have many adverse effects. The loss caused by constructing this dam will be loss of 182,000 acres of productive land. Other than this many people will be displaced from their homes. There is a whole set of reasons that goes against the building of the Kalabagh dam. The first reason is the absence of good governance. The project of Kalabagh dam has mostly faced a lack of governance. The people who are the decision makers of the whole project have to also deal with the society and their concerns. Due to the side effects that Kalabagh dam would have an alternative plan called the Tarbela action plan has been proposed. This plan is made through the sediment flow simulations made by the computers. The two purposes that these simulations have are, to see if flushing is feasible for estimating storage capacity in the long run and to analyze reservoirs and predict future sedimentation. On the results of the above simulation three components have been proposed which should be done in order to build the dam. These include reservoir operating strategy, underwater dike and flushing bypass. Reservoir operating strategy works in the way that first the reservoir should be reached at a minimum level and then gradually growing it each year by a small amount. This would ensure the tunnel security until the underwater dike is made. A rock file dike underwater should be made to prevent sediment to overwhelm. Then a bypass would have to be made at a low level with a high capacity in order to be able to flush the sediment. If the plan is implemented this way it would make the storage sustainable. The loss that would be occurred would be more or less what the Kalabagh dam would be designed to take. As is the Kalabagh dam have many issues. The crop yield increasing that has been projected is only in the case when water logging and salinity is put out of the consideration. Hydel energy is really expensive which adds to the environmental costs. Many ecosystems that live in the mangrove forests and are relying on the Indus River would be degraded. Many opposition parties often ignore all these valuable blessings of building Kalabagh dam and still oppose to the building of the dam. Some of the reasons for this opposition are that there is no evidence given to the opposing parties about the costs of hydro power as compared to other sources which provide energy. Other than this, there is a deficiency of organized assessment of the cost of Kalabagh water and the costs of substitute ways of increasing deliverance of water used in the irrigation system and at the same time dropping the wastage in the use of irrigation used water.( Kalabagh dam: an ecological disaster by Abrar Kazi) The adverse impacts of the Kalabagh dam which much opposition argue are, that, it is not yet clear that whether the water flowing from the Indus is enough for filling up the dam in next few years. Another argument is that, the water flowing below Kotri, if it is reduced, than it will affect the people who are very much dependant on this water flowing from underneath Kotri and then utilizes this water on agriculture and fisheries in the coastal Sindh. It will ruin the lives of many people living in the coastal Sindh. The situation becomes more alarming when WAPDA avoid this sort of statistics and rejects to undertake comprehensive and credible studies on this matter. The federal government in response says that, every year, 35maf water goes wasted into the sea, downstream of Kotri. However this wasted water can be used to bring a huge amount of new land used for cultivation and can be used to produce more food. In response to the siltation of land, the federal government says that more dams can help in replacing the lost storage of existing dams. As otherwise we are actually losing the existing storage due to siltation of previous reservoirs. The WAPDA figures in 1987 showed that there was a system loss of an average of 10 MAF in the post Mangla period. However, these figures were doubted, as once the Tarbela dam was built, it was seen that the river regime conditions worsened in 1977. The average yearly system losses in post Tarbela era (1976-94) increased to 14.7 maf as in opposition to 6.2 MAF in the post Mangla pre-Tarbela period (1967-76), showing an increase of 8.5 MAF. Another problem is that, in the Indus basin there is high levels of water logging and salinity, and if the irrigation supplied are to be increased it will just add more to the water logging and salinity to an alarming level in the Indus basin which could be very dangerous. Organizations which drain out the water, such as, national drainage program will take a long time period in reducing the water level from the basins to the sea, and even then, there is a huge probability that it will create a lot of problems and will take a lot of time, as there is no other alternative way of draining the runoff into the sea. The other issues are the financial issues related with the building of Kalabagh dam. There is a very tiny possibility of our government in getting financial aid from international organizations. Most probably the dam will only increases are countries debts. However, if private infrastructure funds are attracted to finance the Kalabagh dam at a high return rate, it is uncertain that the project will still stay fiscally and cost-effectively feasible. Meetings of the council of common interests will remain a poor substitute for responsible and responsive governance. There is an urgent need for the multi ethnic general public involvement on these vital issues of both ethical and officially authorized civil rights to once own life and livelihood that enclose claims to water. Simply in identifying this issue we can sincerely initiate effort towards forging a nationwide agreement on whether or not to construct Kalabagh, rather than by holding conferences amongst councils, who decide on these serious issues. The benefits of Kalabagh dam are considerable. Kalabagh dam will replace the loss of storage in the Tarbela and Mangla moreover it will increase the total quantity of stored water facilitating further and well-timed discharge for irrigation use in order to boost the food grain production. (Kalabagh: need for informed debate by Aly Ercelawn Omar Asghar Khan) Discussion Kalabagh dam is protect that would bring about many changes and many of those changes would be very hard, costly and destructive to cope. Kalabagh dam project is based on many assumptions that are either not true or are just one side of the story. I believe that Kalabagh dam does indeed have some significantly important points to support itself in the construction of it such as the electricity generation and increased food supply through growth in irrigation. However at the same time i believe that Kalabagh dam should not be built when looking at the adverse affects that it would have on the economy. Kalabagh dam is thought to be only useful or living for 22-30 years this means that the cost of making it would not be fully recovered and the replacement of the dam by a new project after its useful life would be again a major expense and hassle. Many other affects of the Kalabagh dam could not be left without putting a great deal of thought into it. The project would affect lots of peo ple and land. Through the Kalabagh dam lots of farmland would be lost and hence the food production would also go down. This would ultimately affect the GDP of Pakistan and cause a national decline. Many people who live in those areas where the dam has to be built would have to be re-homed to new places which is very expensive and could mean that the whole project could be useless in regards the cost. Not only would the government have to re home the people who would be left homeless but also many of the roadways such as the Attock-Talang roadway and railway service would have to be planned all over again. The Sui gas line in the north would also be affected and the re-construction of that would be very costly as well. Moving on, however much costly the problems mentioned above are they can still be tackled with nonetheless. Many of the issues are much more serious and would have an impact on our environment and society for much long-lasting or even indefinite time. One such issue w ould be the lost of the forest. The mangrove forests that would be effected would cost Pakistan the loss of massive wildlife and would cause many diseases through disruptions in the in the food chain. For a healthy atmosphere we need forests and the wildlife that its caters, if the forests are affected not only do humans suffer through the loss of food chains and loss of trees which are useful for production in many finished goods but also the changes in percentages of gasses in the atmosphere would be very harmful for the human life. Even if these issues could be catered for and the Kalabagh dam could maintain its costs through its benefits it would be a project that could be given a thought. However, the physical properties and uses of the dam have also failed to produce a truly glorious picture. Kalabagh dam has been projected to produce 43.5 MAF electricity according to WAPDA however, initially WAPDA itself announced a figure of 23.5 MAF on the basis of the past 60 years of reco rds, when they realized that this figure was too small they gave a new higher figure and claimed it to be on the basis of the last 22 years. This clearly shows that the figures provided by the government and WAPDA are not very reliable. In the case of the Tarbela dam governments had also produced wrong figures that proved to be wrong and disastrous for the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan. Sindh and Baluchistan believe that they would have to suffer from water shortages and the Punjab would get the benefit. Kalabagh dam would also cause water logging by putting backpressure on the river Kabul. River Indus would also be polluted and the existing problem of water shortage would just be increased by the Kalabagh project. Studies have also showed that if worked to their full capacities, the existing dams are enough for the production of the electricity need of Pakistan. Kalabagh dam would only cause more frustration and decline in the growth of Pakistanà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s economy and would hamper the production of energy instead of increasing it. The dispute from the three provinces would lead to a national dispute and would mean a conflict at both the level of society as well as the parliament. All the benefits of the Kalabagh dam that the supporters of it have put forward have never been reliable enough and face criticisms and face valid problems. These problems in my opinion must be first overcome through other minor projects, which are safer, and if it is still necessary then the Kalabagh project should be given a thought. Other minor projects include ghazi Barotha and Bhasha dams. Conclusion To conclude i would like to say that Kalabagh dam does have many good points as stated in the literature review such as the eradication of energy crisis and the increase in the irrigation increasing the supply of food. However the costs and the affects of this project are quite massive and could result in increasing the problems instead of solving it. The adverse affects of the Kalabagh dam are very massive and must be given a very careful review before any decision is made. Kalabagh dam has many negative points to it and there are very little reliable solutions to those problems that have been given. In the light of the current situation the decision to not allow the construction of the Kalabagh dam is the correct decision and until any better proposal or solutions to the problems mentioned above are not found permitting the construction of Kalabagh dam would most likely turn out to be a disaster. To overcome the current energy crisis of Pakistan, there should be an attempt to stric tly supervise the production of energy that is present from the existing plants and these should produce at their best capacity. This might reflect that many of the studies that have shown that with the existing plants producing energy at their best in Pakistan the energy crisis could be solved altogether might be true. This strategy might eradicate the whole need for the Kalabagh or a new dam or a plant to produce energy at the first place. If the problem still persists and proves the analogy of existing plants being able to meet the energy demand of Pakistan wrong then other small projects should be tried first which would not have so much of the adverse affects related to them such as the Bhasha dam and the ghazi Barotha dam project. These small projects are thought to be much more effective as they have little impact on the society and still can produce higher energy, however these dams also have environmental and humanly costs related to them and therefore should be avoided as much as possible.

Utopia :: essays research papers

Behold, after above six Months Warning, I cannot learn that my Book hath produced one single Effect according to mine Intentions: ... And, it must be owned that seven Months were a sufficient Time to correct every Vice and Folly to which Yahoos are subject, if their Natures had been capable of the least Disposition to Virtue or Wisdom: (Letter;3) That he had good Reasons to think you were a Big-Endian in your heart; and as Treason begins in the Heart, before it appears in Overt-Acts, so he accused you as a Traytor on that Account, and therefore insisted you should be put to death. (I:7;22) He knew no reason why those who entertained opinions prejudicial to the public should be obliged to change, and should not be obliged to conceal them. And as it was tyranny in any government to require the first, so it was weakness not to enforce the second; for a man may be allowed to keep poisons in his closet, but not to send them about for cordials. (II:6;15) 1. Author: Jonathan Swift Titles of some other works by the same author: Tale of a Tub, The Battle of the Books 2. Title: Gulliver's Travels Books (I & II) Explain the Title: The book tells about the travels of Gulliver. 3. Date of publication: 1977 4.Edition:Everyman First published: 1726 5. Genre: Four satirical stories in prose. 6. Themes: A satire, in the first book he satirizes the English politics, which are symbolized by the inhabitants of Lilliput. In the second book Gulliver symbolizes the English people. He tells the king of Brobdingnag about the Daily life in England. The King tells him as follows: ' By what I have gathered from your own relation ... I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of earth'. 7. List of main characters and description of them: - Lemuel Gulliver: a married man, who has studied medicines and works as a ship surgeon. He likes to travel a lot because he is very interested in other country's and their cultures. 8. Narrative Technique: Narrative prose. 9. a) Time lapse: Liliput à ±1 year Brobdingnag à ±2 years b)In what period is the story situated? 18th century. 10. Style:Language is quite difficult, old-English. 11. Stray notes:none 12. What is your own opinion of the work? I found the book quite difficult,but I liked the satirical aspect of the stories. 13. Short summary: On his first voyage Gulliver is shipwrecked. He comes in Lilliput, a land were all the people are twelf times as short as

The Role of Setting and Landscape in “Mrs. Dalloway” and “On the Road”

â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† by acclaimed novelist Virginia Woolf is an interesting literary piece with several distinctly remarkable features. The author utilizes a stream-of-consciousness technique records ‘the atoms as they fall upon the mind in the order in which they fall†¦ tracing the pattern, however disconnected†¦ in appearance, in which each incident scores upon the consciousness’ (Woolf, 1) to bring out the innermost thoughts of the characters in a manner which effectively weaves together the elements of memory and time.Prior to the early 20th century fictive literature had emphasized the primacy of plot and detailed descriptions of the characters and the settings, with externalities serving as the most significant turning-point in the story, effectively limiting the innermost workings of the characters’ minds to a more secondary role, mainly that of providing the motivation for the external occurrences in the plot. Going against the grain, Wool f’s refinement of the stream-of-consciousness technique – the representation of multiple consciousness lingering around a locus – is definitely one of her lasting contributions to the literary world, as evidenced by her novels.In â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† the plot can be described as generated by the inner lives of the characters, i.e. Mrs. Dalloway and Septimus, whose natures are revealed through the ebb and flow of their emotions, impressions, thoughts and feelings. This in turn effectively transforms the rather ordinary events in their lives into the extraordinary, particularly as their consciousness appears to slip in and out through time conceptualized not merely as a linear series of events but also as cyclical.Focusing on the two distinct worlds of the primary characters – gracious London society matron Clarissa Dalloway with a stable life in London’s high society and young Septimus Warren Smith thought to be suffering from a metal afflict ion brought about by the loss of a friend in World War I – the novel explores their seeming parallel thought processes despite differences in social station and the fact that they did not know each other and had never met, within a single eventful day in June.Both appear to experience exhilarating shifts in their moods, eerily similar to bouts with manic depression which Woolf apparently suffered from: profound joy over the simple beauty of spring and the appearance of its fresh, tiny leaves, apprehensive dread over what they perceive as the on-rushing of time, alarm over their impending demise, and what could only be described as overt guilt over the crime of being human with its accompanying sensibilities, awareness, failures and shortcomings.In the concluding chapter of the book the reader finds Clarissa finally being acquainted with the character of Septimus posthumously when his distinguished doctor’s wife explains to their hostess Mrs. Dalloway the reason for the ir tardiness – the suicide of a patient earlier in the day, leading her to internally remark that ‘Here is death, in the middle of my party’ (Woolf, 108). A peak at Mrs. Dalloway’s mind reveals a rather emphatic understanding of the sensitivity, despair and ultimately defiance besieging her symbolic double.In admirable literary fashion, despite all events happening within the 24-hour span of a single day, the setting and landscape appear to be effectively adequate for the story to unfold. The seemingly fluid nature of time the author utilizes allows the effortless weaving of the characters’ thoughts from the present to the past and vice-versa, even allowing the creeping up of thoughts about the future. Despite the cornucopia of ideas taking shape in the characters’ minds and the feelings such thoughts evoke, the clever use of time imparts order to the fluidity of thoughts, memories and encounters populating the world of Mrs. Dalloway.Big Ben that seemingly solid symbol of a strong England sounds out the passing of time hour after hour, a constant reminder to the characters painfully aware of the grip of time over their lives. Yet when the hour is chimed, the sound disappears as if its â€Å"leaden circles dissolved in the air† – signifying the ephemeral nature of time which most people in their wary obsession with time still fail to understand. Woolf skillfully introduces the notion of time not merely as having a linear character but a circular aspect to it as well when the reader is introduced to the ancient woman singing the same song for a seeming eternity at the Regent’s Park Tube Station.In terms of the visual landscape, the author captures the beauty of a London summer day in June with the abundant images of trees and flowers in the story. The variety of flowers appearing throughout the text is suggestive of the characters’ fleeting emotions. In the opening pages of the book, the reader is acquainted with Clarissa Dalloway on her way to the flower shop.Clarissa, deep and profound in her thoughts, revels in the beauty of flowers and trees, while the stiffer, more aloof members of the English establishment trained in the art of keeping their emotions in check all the time are represented as awkward in the way of handling flowers (Richard treats the bouquet of flowers as if it was a weapon while Mrs. Bruton appeared to be at a loss with the flowers offered to her, eventually stuffing them into her dress, the femininity and grace of the gesture surprising even herself) and traditional in their choice of blooms – roses and carnations as picked by Richard and Hugh.In tune with the reflective tone of the novel, the significant abundance of trees with their far-reaching root systems appear to signify the extensive reach of the human soul, even as the two protagonists wage their own personal battles in a struggle to protect their souls. The element of water appearin g in the characters’ fluid thoughts as on-rushing waves evokes images of the washing away of the old to be replaced by the new in an endless cycle of the waves lapping at the shore (the appearance of which increases in intensity until it reaches the shore, only to fade into another), i.e. death as the fate awaiting us all.Set against the background of post-war London, traditional English society is presented as if a tide pulling down those who fail to adapt to the pressing changes plaguing England, and one such casualty was Septimus Warren Smith who had ultimately failed to accept and understand his vastly altered concrete social realities following the end of the war and the irreparable scarring of humankind.In contrast, Clarissa appears to have navigated the murky waters of London high society quite admirably (a â€Å"silver-green mermaid† in Peter Walsh’s eyes) yet underneath the veneer of dutiful wife and mother is a kindred soul who identifies with Septimus and his wish to struggle against the oppressive pressures of society, attempting to strike a balance between privacy and open communication with the significant people in their lives. In the last analysis, she refuses to succumb to the temptation herself, and veers away from the outlet chosen by Septimus.In a similar manner to that of Virginia Woolf, the American writer Jack Kerouac, who founded the so-called â€Å"Beat Generation†, could also be considered as a pioneer in terms of contributions to the literary field. Though Kerouac was of a different generation and genre from the English author, the two share the similarity of going against convention in their own lifetimes in a bid to assert their own ideas on crafting literary pieces. His novel â€Å"On the Road† could be described as an attempt to inspire readers to go out there and seize the day – â€Å"Carpe diem!† as the French say, so to speak – and live life.â€Å"On the Road† we m eet the young, somewhat naà ¯ve writer Sal Paradise and Dean Moriarty, whom the narrator describes as â€Å"tremendously excited with life† in their adventure traipsing around America to test the limits of their â€Å"American Dream.† Various settings, e.g. a small town in rural Virginia, a jazz joint in urban New York, a Mexican whore-house,   and landscape are utilized by the author in their full extent to present the reader with images of the USA and its new-world wonders – urban jungles, sleepy towns, the American rural wilderness, vast expanse of desserts – the only tangible connection between them being the road, the need for a generation to get out of their seeming confinements limited by space, to break out and seek freedom unchained by any imposed-from-above belief, sentiments or ideology.These youths, overwhelmed by the lack of fulfillment and the overriding sense of desperation in their lives made them feel that â€Å"the only thing to do w as go,† providing the impetus to search for their own personal freedoms, the pleasure of which they found in sex, drugs and jazz music. For Sal, â€Å"†¦life is holy and every moment precious,† which may perhaps account for Dean seeming â€Å"to be doing everything at the same time† as a fear and wariness of death appeared to haunt the gang in their sojourn throughout America (â€Å"†¦death will overtake us before heaven†), manifested by visions of a great spirit trailing after them across the desert of life.Yet this fear did not prevent them from living their life not held by the sway of materialism, that â€Å"mad dream-grabbing, taking, giving, sighing and dying just so they could be buried in those awful cemetery cities beyond Long Island.† As their travels together come to an end, Sal and Dean find themselves in the poverty-stricken city of Mexico, where among the brothels, barefooted old women, and simple meals, Sal notices that â₠¬Å"[b]eggars slept wrapped in advertising posters torn off fences† (Kerouac, 248).An excited Sal declares â€Å"This was the great and uninhibited Fellahin-childlike city that we knew we would find at the end of the road† (Kerouac, 248). They had found a world where people could apparently live in bare, unadorned simplicity not harassed by the pressures of a materialistic culture, a timely reminder that despite the pretentiousness of the relatively affluent 20th century, people’s possession of goods, or the lack of it are not the sole determinants of being human. Such an idealistic message in a work of fiction attempts to counter the overriding negativism and corruption of the corporate fantasy dominant in American culture, of which its inherent conflict with other needs and interests of the human spirit continues to be played out in contemporary societies up to the present.The two novels, â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† and â€Å"On the Road† utilize landscap e and setting to the full extent, resulting in powerful narratives which allow the reader much visual power, i.e. the reader is transported to post-War early 20th century London and a modernizing 20th century America. Yet the authors use setting and landscape in rather different ways. In the case of Woolf’s â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway, she employs the setting and landscape in an interestingly novel manner which complements her stream-of-consciousness technique, while Kerouac resorts to a rather typical use of setting and landscape to paint a picture of the America of the Beat generation in â€Å"On the Road.† The techniques they used might be different yet the end result is the same – stunning literary narratives which are undoubtedly some of the excellent works written in their respective periods by writers of their generation.ReferencesClark, Tom. â€Å"Jack Kerouac† New York: Harcourt, Brace, Javanovich, 1984.Dunphy, Mark. â€Å"Call Me Sal, Jack†: Vis ions of Ishmael in Kerouac’s â€Å"On the Road† in Melville Society Extracts, July 2002.Hunt, Tim. â€Å"Kerouac’s Crooked Road: The Development of a Fiction.† Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.Kerouac, Jack. â€Å"On the Road.† New York: Viking Press, 1957.Woolf, Virginia. â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway.†originally published 1925. Accessed through the University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection, on 28 November 2007

How to actually get a job using a recruiter

How to actually get a job using a recruiter If you’re on the job hunt or soon expect to be, you’re undoubtedly aware that you’re entering an ultra-competitive job market. Regardless of whether you’re a recent graduate and new to the workforce or a seasoned industry veteran, the level of talent out there is both impressive and intimidating- which is why you want to make sure that you’re taking advantage of every tool in the job hunting arsenal in order to lock down your next career move. One tool that you may or may not have considered are recruiters. These are individuals who are trained to meet the staffing needs of organizations across industries and job levels. They are skilled at funneling talent-rich groups of capable job recruits to the organizations who retain their services.Some companies value recruiters so much that they have several working for them on a full-time basis. These professionals devote their time and effort to sourcing, engaging with, and attracting both active and pass ive potential candidates in an effort to cultivate an orbit of talent to turn to whenever an open position arises; other companies seek out the services of professional recruitment agencies when the need arises.Depending on your industry and employment level, using recruiters to help you land your next job may be a solid strategy. Consider using the following tips and strategies to make the most of these valued resources during your job search.Industry and job fairsMany companies large and small, veteran and startup, make good use of job fairs in an effort to attract and engage with new prospective talent and help build their brand identities among their industry peers. You’ll find a range of opportunities to meet with recruiters at these events. The savviest job-seekers view these meet and greet opportunities as â€Å"mini initial interviews† of sorts:They come professionally dressed and polishedThey’re armed with their portfolios and resumesThey work hard to m ake memorable and significant connections with recruiters who represent companies they’re interested in potentially working forThey make sure to get business cards and/or contact information of the recruiters they interact withThey follow up later on (in the form of thank-you emails and possibly LinkedIn connections) and make sure to get (and stay) on the radars of the companies that intrigue themKeep an eye and an ear out for industry events and job fairs in your area. Joining professional associations and making the most of social media for professional networking, along with regular online research, are your best chances to learn about these events and register in time.School career servicesAre you taking full advantage of everything your alma mater offers in terms of career resources for new and future graduates? Most colleges, universities, and vocational schools have career service offices that are dedicated to helping their student bodies land valuable internships and jobs upon graduation- these resources are often made available to alumni as well. Many school career service offices work directly with recruiters at various companies, which can be key strategic pipelines for them. If they can recognize the value of these resources, then perhaps you should too.Your school’s career office can help you make direct connections with recruiters, and can also keep you updated on upcoming job fairs and events. (Many schools organize these activities throughout the year, and you can count on recruiters attending). Don’t forget- your tuition pays for all of the student and alumni services that your school offers, so why not take advantage of them?Work independentlyIn addition to industry events, job fairs, and school career services offices, you can choose to connect directly with recruiters in an effort to land your next job. In addition to contacting the companies you are interested in directly (most companies these days have robust social m edia presences and career services portals on their websites that you can use to make key connections), there are professional recruitment agencies that specialize in placing individuals in open positions in various industries.The Internet is your best friend here- do some online sleuthing regarding which respected and recognized recruiters specialize in your field, and consider making contact to see if they can help you achieve your career goals.Here’s the bottom line- it’s true, you actually can get your next job by using a recruiter. Consider using the strategies and advice presented here to take advantage of this job-hunting resource and land your next great job.

A Lesson Plan for Teaching Three-Digit Place Value

A Lesson Plan for Teaching Three-Digit Place Value In this lesson plan, second-grade students further develop their understanding of place value by identifying what each numeral of a three-digit number stands for. The lesson takes one 45-minute class period. Supplies include: Regular notebook paper or a math journalBase 10 blocks or base 10 block stampsNotecards with the numerals 0 through 9 written on them Objective The object of this lesson is for students to understand what the three digits of a number mean in terms of ones, tens and hundreds and to be able to explain how they came up with answers to questions about larger and smaller numbers.   Performance Standard Met: Understand that the three digits of a three-digit number represent quantities of hundreds, tens, and ones; e.g., 706 equals 7 hundreds, 0 tens, and 6 ones. Introduction Write 706, 670, 760 and 607 on the board. Ask the students to write about these four numbers on a sheet of paper. Ask Which of these numbers is largest? Which number is the smallest? Step-by-Step Procedure Give students a few minutes to discuss their answers with a partner or a tablemate. Then, have students read aloud what they wrote on their papers and explain to the class how they figured out the larger or smaller numbers. Ask them to decide what two numbers are in the middle. After they have had a chance to discuss this question with a partner or with their table members, solicit answers from the class again.Discuss what the digits mean in each of these numbers and how their placement is vitally important to the number. The 6 in 607 is very different from the 6 in 706. You can highlight this to students by asking them if they would rather have the 6 quantity in money from the 607 or the 706.Model 706 on the board or on an overhead projector, and then have students draw 706 and other numbers with base 10 blocks or base 10 stamps. If neither of these materials is available, you can represent hundreds by using large squares, tens by drawing lines and ones by drawing small squares.Afte r you do model 706 together, write the following numbers on the board and have students model them in order: 135, 318, 420, 864 and 900. As the students write, draw or stamp these on their papers, walk around the classroom to see how students are doing. If some finish all five numbers correctly, feel free to provide them with an alternate activity or send them to finish up another project while you focus on the students who are having trouble with the concept.To close out the lesson, give every child a notecard with one numeral on it. Call three students to the front of the class. For example, 7, 3 and 2 come to the front of the class. Have the students stand next to each other, and have a volunteer read the threesome. Students should say Seven hundred thirty-two. Then ask students to tell you who is in the tens place, who is in the ones place, and who is in the hundreds place. Repeat until the class period is over. Homework Ask students to draw five three-digit numbers of their choice using squares for hundreds, lines for tens, and small squares for ones. Evaluation As you are walking around the class, take anecdotal notes on the students who are struggling with this concept. Make some time later in the week to meet with them in small groups or- if there are several of them- reteach the lesson at a later date.